Ithiyori ka-Alfred Schutz ye-Phenomenological
U-Alfred Schutz (1899–1959) waziwa njengomunye wabantu ababalulekile abahlanganisa ifilosofi ye-phenomenology kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo, ikakhulukazi i-sociology. Ngenkathi i-phenomenology ka-Edmund Husserl igxile kakhulu ekwakhiweni kokuqwashisa kanye nendlela izinto ezibonakala ngayo kokuhlangenwe nakho, uSchutz waletha le ndlela endaweni yokuphila kwezenhlalo kwansuku zonke. KuSchutz, iqiniso lezenhlalo akuyona into "ekhona nje" ngaphandle kwabantu, kodwa ibunjwa, iphilwa, futhi inikezwe incazelo ngokusebenzisa ukuqonda nokusebenzisana. Ngakho-ke, inkolelo-mbono kaSchutz ye-phenomenological ivame ukuqondwa njengomzamo wokuchaza ukuthi abantu baqonda kanjani umhlaba wezenhlalo futhi benze kanjani kuwo ngokusekelwe ezinchazelweni abazakhayo.
Isizinda kanye Nethonya Lomcabango
USchutz wazalelwa e-Austria futhi wathonywa kakhulu yimisinga emibili emikhulu: i-phenomenology kaHusserl kanye ne-sociology yokuhumusha kaMax Weber. Kusukela kuHusserl, uSchutz wagxila kokuhlangenwe nakho kwesihloko, inhloso (ukuqonda njalo "kuya" entweni ethile), kanye nendlela umhlaba obonakala ngayo unenjongo. Kusukela kuWeber, wamukela umqondo we-verstehen—ukuqonda okuhumushayo kwesenzo somphakathi. USchutz wabe esehlanganisa lokhu okubili: isenzo somphakathi singaqondwa kuphela uma abacwaningi bebamba izincazelo ezizimele abadlali abanazo ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke.
Ngakho-ke, i-phenomenology kaSchutz ingabonakala njenge-phenomenology "yezenhlalo": ukugxila kwayo akukhona nje ukuqonda komuntu ngamunye engqondweni, kodwa ukuqonda kwabantu abahlala nabanye, babelana ngezimpawu, ulimi, imikhuba, kanye nemikhuba yomphakathi.
Izwe Lokuphila (Lebenswelt) kanye Neqiniso Lansuku Zonke
Umqondo oyinhloko emsebenzini kaSchutz umhlaba wokuphila (iLebenswelt), umhlaba esiwubona njengojwayelekile, okhona "ngokwemvelo," futhi osebenza njengesisekelo semisebenzi yethu yansuku zonke. Emhlabeni wokuphila, abantu abaphiki njalo yonke into ngokwefilosofi. Siqhubeka nemikhuba yethu: ukusebenza, ukufunda, ukuthenga, ukukhuluma nabanye, ukuhlola izimo, nokwenza izinqumo ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni okusebenzayo.
Ngokusho kukaSchutz, umhlaba wokuphila uthathwa kalula. Isibonelo, lapho umuntu egibela ezokuthutha zomphakathi, ngokuvamile akacabangi kabusha yonke imithetho yezenhlalo ngokwemfundiso. "Bayazi" ukuthi kufanele baziphathe kanjani: ukuma emgqeni, ukukhokha, ukuthola isihlalo, noma ukucela imvume. Lolu lwazi aluhlali luqashelwa ngokusobala, kodwa lusebenza njengesizinda esivumela isenzo ukuthi senzeke.
Ukusebenzisana kwemibono: Incazelo Ehlanganyelwe
Nakuba i-phenomenology ivame ukugxekwa ngokuba yodwa kakhulu, uSchutz ugomela ngokuthi okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu kuhlala kukhona ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-intersubjectivity, izwe elinencazelo elabelwana ngalo nabanye. Siyaqonda inkulumo, ukushukuma komzimba, noma imikhuba ngoba sihlala emiphakathini ehlanganyela noma ehlanganyela ulwazi nemikhuba efanayo.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwemibono kwenza ukuxhumana kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezenzo. Uma umuntu ethi, "Sicela uvale umnyango," abanye bayaqonda incazelo, hhayi umsindo wamagama kuphela. Lokhu kuqonda kwenzeka ngoba ulimi kanye nezimo zomphakathi zinikeza uhlaka oluhlanganyelwe lwencazelo. Ngokombono kaSchutz, umphakathi usebenza ngoba abantu banekhono lokucabanga ukuthi abanye bachaza umhlaba ngendlela efanayo.
Isitoko Solwazi Nokuthayipha
Omunye weminikelo emikhulu kaSchutz kwakuwumqondo wesitoreji solwazi esiseduze, ukuqoqwa kokuhlangenwe nakho, ulwazi, imikhuba, kanye nezigaba ezisebenzayo umuntu anazo futhi azisebenzise ukuqonda izimo. Lesi sitoreji solwazi asakhiwa sodwa; sidluliselwa emndenini, emfundweni, kwabezindaba, emasikweni, kanye nasekusebenzisaneni komphakathi.
Ulwazi lwethu lusebenza ngokufanisa abantu, imicimbi, noma izenzo zibe "izinhlobo" ezisisiza siphile impilo yomphakathi. Isibonelo, sinezinhlobo "zothisha," "udokotela," "iphoyisa," "ikhasimende," noma "umngane oseduze." Izinhlobo zisisiza sibikezele ukuthi siziphathe kanjani nokuthi yini esingayilindela kwabanye. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo zingaba yimithombo yezinkolelo-mbono uma zigcinwa ngokuqinile.
Ngokusebenzisa i-typification, umhlaba wezenhlalo uba nokuhleleka kakhudlwana futhi okubikezelwayo. Akudingeki sakhe ukuqonda kwethu kusukela ekuqaleni njalo lapho sihlangana nomuntu omusha, ngoba sisebenzisa izigaba zangaphambilini kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho njengemephu yokuqala.
Izisusa Zesenzo: “Ngenxa Yezizathu” kanye “Nezisusa Ezihlelekile”
USchutz uphinde ahlukanise izinhlobo ezimbili zezisusa esenzweni somphakathi:
1. Isisusa esithi "ngoba" (isisusa-se-weil): isizathu esisekelwe esikhathini esidlule, okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini, noma izimo ezibumba umuntu. Lokhu kuchaza izenzo ngokubheka isizinda sakhe. Isibonelo, othile ukhetha ukuthula ngesikhathi somhlangano "ngoba" wake wahlazeka lapho ekhuluma.
2. Isisusa "ekuhleleni" (um-zu-Isisusa): imigomo okufanele ifinyelelwe esikhathini esizayo. Sichaza isenzo njengento eqondisiwe. Isibonelo, umuntu ufunda kanzima "ukuze" aphumelele isivivinyo futhi athole umsebenzi.
Lo mehluko ubalulekile ngoba izenzo zabantu azikwazi ukuqondwa kuphela ngokwezimbangela nemiphumela yangaphandle. Izenzo ziyizenzo ezinenjongo, futhi leyo ncazelo ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nemigomo yomlingisi, amacebo, kanye nokuchazwa kwesimo.
Ubukhulu Besikhathi Nokuqaphela Kokuhlangenwe Nakho Komphakathi
KuSchutz, okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu kuhlala kuhlobene nesikhathi. Sichaza izenzakalo zamanje ngokubhekisela esikhathini esidlule (okuhlangenwe nakho okugcinwe njengezinkumbulo) kanye nekusasa (amathemba, izinhlelo, kanye namathuba). Ngakho-ke, isenzo somphakathi sinesakhiwo sesikhathi: umuntu uchaza isimo, acabangele amathuba, bese enza.
Empilweni yansuku zonke, abantu abahlali becabanga ngokujulile, kodwa kunalokho bathembela "ekuqondeni okusebenzayo" okuhlela njalo okuhlangenwe nakho ngokwesikhashana. Lokhu kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani abantu ababili benganikeza izincazelo ezahlukene emcimbini ofanayo: ngamunye wabo uletha izizinda ezahlukene zokuhlangenwe nakho kanye nezindlela zesikhathi esizayo.
Ubudlelwano Bezenhlalo: “Thina” kanye “Nabo”
USchutz uphinde axoxe ngendlela ukusondelana kobudlelwano okuthonya ngayo indlela esibaqonda ngayo abanye. Ebudlelwaneni obuqondile nobuseduze, incazelo ingakhiwa ibe ngcono ngenxa yokuxhumana okuphindaphindiwe, okuhlangenwe nakho okwabiwe, kanye nokujwayelana. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuqondiswa "thina" (ubudlelwano bethu). Ngokuphambene, nabanye abakude noma abangaziwa kithi (ubudlelwano bethu), sivame ukuthembela ezinhlotsheni ezijwayelekile nezingenamininingwane eminingi.
Isibonelo, siqonda abangani ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kanye nezingxoxo ezijulile, kodwa siqonda “abasebenzi benkonzo” noma “abantu emgwaqweni” kakhulu ngezigaba zomphakathi ezitholakalayo. Lo mehluko ubonisa ukuthi ukuqonda komphakathi kukhona emazingeni ahlukahlukene, kusukela komuntu siqu kuya kongaziwa.
Imiphumela Yendlela Yokusebenza Kwezesayensi Yezenhlalo
I-phenomenology kaSchutz ibe nomthelela omkhulu ezindleleni zocwaningo olusezingeni eliphezulu, ikakhulukazi izindlela zokuhumusha ezifana ne-ethnomethodology kanye ne-symbolic interactionism. Ocwaningweni lwakhe, uSchutz wakhuthaza ososayensi bezenhlalo ukuthi:
– Ukuqonda izenzo zabantu ngokombono womdlali (incazelo yomuntu).
- Ukulandelela ulwazi, imikhuba, kanye nezinhlobo ezisetshenziswa ngabadlali.
– Qaphela ukuthi iqiniso lezenhlalo lakhiwa ngokuhumusha okuxubile, hhayi amaqiniso aqondile kuphela.
Ngakho-ke, izingxoxo ezijulile, ukubuka abahlanganyeli, kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo kuvame ukubhekwa njengokuvumelana nomoya we-phenomenology kaSchutz. Abacwaningi abagcini nje ngokuqoqa idatha yokuziphatha kodwa futhi bazama ukubamba "izwe elinencazelo" eliyisisekelo salokho kuziphatha.
Ukugxekwa Nokufaneleka Kwanamuhla
Naphezu kwethonya layo, inkolelo-mbono kaSchutz nayo ithole ukugxekwa. Abanye bathi indlela yakhe igcizelela kakhulu izincazelo ezizimele kanye nemikhuba yansuku zonke, ngaleyo ndlela igcizelela izakhiwo zamandla, izingxabano, noma ukungalingani komphakathi okwakha ulwazi. Kodwa-ke, abacabangi abaningi kamuva bathuthukise indlela yokwenza izinto ukuze bafake ubukhulu bamandla nezikhungo.
Ezimweni zanamuhla—isibonelo, ezinkundleni zokuxhumana—imibono kaSchutz isasebenza. Ukusebenzisana kwedijithali kubonisa indlela izinhlobo ezakheka ngayo ngokushesha, indlela amasheya olwazi akhiwa ngayo ama-algorithms kanye nemiphakathi eku-inthanethi, kanye nendlela ukusebenza kwe-intersubjectivity ezindaweni ezingezona njalo ubuso nobuso. Izenzakalo ezifana "nobunikazi obuku-inthanethi," "isiko lokuphawula," kanye "nobungqabavu" zingahlolwa njengezinqubo zokwenza incazelo ezindaweni ezintsha zokuphila.
I-Penutup
Ithiyori ka-Alfred Schutz yezehlakalo ibeka incazelo enkabeni yokuhlaziywa kwempilo yomphakathi. Ukhombisa ukuthi umphakathi wakhiwe ngezenzo eziqondwa futhi ezihunyushwa ngabadlali ngaphakathi kwezwe lokuphila elibhekwa njengelemvelo. Ngemibono yezwe lokuphila, ukuhlobana phakathi kwabantu, amasheya olwazi, uhlobo, kanye nezisusa zesenzo, uSchutz unikeza amathuluzi okuqonda ukuthi iqiniso lezenhlalo "likhiqizwa" kanjani nsuku zonke ngokutolika nokusebenzisana. Kwisayensi yezenhlalo, igalelo likaSchutz aliyona nje umqondo kodwa futhi liyisiqondiso sendlela: ukuqonda abantu ngokusondela ezindleleni zabo zokuhumusha umhlaba.
