UMartin Heidegger kanye neTheory of Existence
UMartin Heidegger wayengomunye wezazi zefilosofi ezinethonya elikhulu zekhulu lama-20. Wazalelwa eMesskirch, eJalimane, ngoSepthemba 26, 1889, washona ngoMeyi 26, 1976. UHeidegger waziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe obalulekile, i-“Sein und Zeit” (Ukuba Nesikhathi), eyanyatheliswa ngo-1927. Kulo msebenzi, uHeidegger wahlola umqondo wokuba (uSein) ngendlela engakaze ibonwe emasikweni efilosofi aseNtshonalanga. Lesi sihloko sizohlola imibono kaHeidegger ngokuba khona nokuthi kungani imibono yakhe isasebenza nanamuhla.
Isizinda Sefilosofi SikaHeidegger
Ngaphambi kokujula embonweni wakhe wokuba khona, kubalulekile ukuqonda isizinda sefilosofi sikaHeidegger. UHeidegger wayengumfundi ka-Edmund Husserl, umsunguli we-phenomenology. I-phenomenology iyindlela yefilosofi egcizelela ulwazi oluqondile nolunembile lwezehlakalo, ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izinkolelo noma izincazelo zangaphandle. Ngenkathi uHusserl egxile ezweni lokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, uHeidegger wayefuna ukuya phambili, ebuyela embuzweni obaluleke kakhulu: "Kusho ukuthini ukuba khona?"
Ukunganeliseki ngeMetaphysics Yendabuko
UHeidegger wayenomuzwa wokuthi i-metaphysics yendabuko yehlulekile ukunikeza impendulo eyanelisayo kulo mbuzo oyisisekelo. Waphikisana ngokuthi kusukela kwifilosofi yamaGreki yasendulo, i-metaphysics yayinqunyelwe ekutadisheni ukuba khona kwezinto ngazinye noma izinto, ngaphandle kokuqonda ngempela ukuba khona ngokwako. Izazi zefilosofi ezinkulu ezifana noPlato, u-Aristotle, uDescartes, noKant, ngokusho kukaHeidegger, zaziwushaye indiva umbuzo oyisisekelo kakhulu we-metaphysics: “Kuyini ukuba khona?”
Das Sein und das Seiende
Ukuze ahlukanise phakathi kokuba ngomqondo ojwayelekile kanye nezidalwa ngazinye, uHeidegger usebenzisa amagama athi Sein asho “ukuba khona” kanye nelithi Seiendes asho “izinto.” “Ukuba kanye Nesikhathi” kuqala ngokugqamisa ukuthi asiqapheli kangakanani iSein, yize sihlala sixhumana noSeiendes ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Ngokusho kukaHeidegger, lokhu kungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu emlandweni wefilosofi: sigxila kakhulu kulokho okukhona (izidalwa), kangangokuthi siyakukhohlwa ukuba khona ngokwako (Ukuba khona).
UDasein: Ukuba khona Nokuphonsa
Ukuze aqonde ukuba khona, uHeidegger wethula umqondo kaDasein, ovame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi “ukuba khona” noma “ukuba khona.” Ngokungafani nezinye izidalwa, abantu banolwazi lokuba khona kwazo, futhi lokhu kuyisici esiyingqayizivele. UDasein unekhono lokungabaza nokuqonda ukuba khona kwakhe. UHeidegger waphawula ukuthi uDasein naye “uphonswa” kulo mhlaba, ngaphandle kokukhetha indawo noma isikhathi sokuzalwa kwakhe, kodwa ngalokhu kuphonswa uDasein uthola ukuba khona kwakhe.
Umqondo wokuphonswa (Geworfenheit) ubalulekile kwifilosofi kaHeidegger. Ukuphonswa kusho ukuthi sihlala sikhona kakade emhlabeni, sinomongo othize womlando nowesiko ohlinzeka ngemingcele kanye namathuba okuthi siqonda kanjani ukuba khona.
Ubuqiniso Nokuphila Kwansuku Zonke
UHeidegger uchaza futhi imiqondo yobuqiniso (Eigentlichkeit) kanye nokungabi naqiniso (Uneigentlichkeit) ebukhoneni bethu. Impilo yansuku zonke ivame ukuchithwa esimweni sokungabi naqiniso, lapho silandela khona izindinganiso zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuzindla ngokujulile. UHeidegger ubiza le ndlela ngokuthi yi-das Man, noma “they,” lapho silahlekelwa khona ubuntu bethu ngokungaziwa kwe-ditir. Impilo yangempela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yilapho siqaphela futhi samukela khona ukuba khona kwethu, sibhekane namaqiniso afana nokufa kanye nokuphela ngesibindi nangokwethembeka.
Isikhathi Nesikhathi
UHeidegger waxhumanisa ukuba khona nomqondo wesikhathi. Wayekholelwa ukuthi abantu bayizidalwa zesikhashana; okungukuthi, ukuba khona kwethu kuhlala kuxhumene nesikhathi. UDasein “ungumuntu ophila ekushoneni kwaso” (Sein-zum-Tode), eqaphela isimo esilinganiselwe nesesikhashana sokuba khona kwaso. Isikhathi asiyona nje indlela yokulinganisa ngokulandelana kwesikhathi, kodwa isakhiwo sokuba khona esithonya indlela esiqonda futhi sixhumana ngayo nomhlaba.
Ukuba khona kanye nolimi
Enye yeminikelo ebalulekile kaHeidegger ubudlelwano obuseduze abubona phakathi kokuba khona nolimi. Ngokusho kukaHeidegger, ulimi "luyindlu yokuba khona." Okusho ukuthi, ulimi luyindlela abantu abangafinyelela futhi baqonde ngayo ukuba khona kwabo. Ngaphandle kolimi, umqondo nencazelo yokuba khona bekuyohlala kuyimfihlakalo. Ngakho-ke, uHeidegger wayekholelwa ukuthi ifilosofi kumele inake hhayi nje kuphela izinto eziphilayo, kodwa nendlela esikhuluma futhi sicabanga ngayo ngazo.
Ukugxekwa Nokufaneleka
Nakuba uHeidegger enze iminikelo ebalulekile ekuqondeni ukuba khona, akubona bonke abavumelana nemibono yakhe. Abanye abagxeki bathi imibhalo yakhe kunzima ukuyiqonda, ayicacile kakhulu, futhi ayinazo izinto ezisebenzayo. Kukhona nokugxekwa okuvela embonweni wokuziphatha, uma ubheka ukubandakanyeka kukaHeidegger neNazi Party ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Le ndaba isalokhu iyimpikiswano, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuthi kufanele ithonye kanjani noma ukuthi kufanele ithonye kanjani ukuchazwa nokwaziswa komsebenzi wakhe.
Kodwa-ke, abaningi bathi inkolelo-mbono kaHeidegger yokuba khona isasebenza kakhulu futhi iwusizo. Enkathini yobuchwepheshe nokuhlukaniswa, imicabango kaHeidegger ngobuqiniso kanye nokubaluleka kokuqonda ubukhona bethu inikeza ukuqonda okudingeka kakhulu.
I-Penutup
UMartin Heidegger ungomunye wezazi zefilosofi ezinkulu kakhulu zekhulu lama-20, enikeza umbono omusha ngokuphelele nge-metaphysics kanye nokuba khona. Ngemibono efana noDasein, ukuphonswa phansi, ubuqiniso, kanye nesikhathi, uHeidegger usimema ukuba sizindle ngencazelo yokuba khona kwethu. Nakuba kungaqondakali futhi kugcwele impikiswano, imibono kaHeidegger ihlala iyisisekelo esibalulekile kwifilosofi yanamuhla futhi inikeza inselele ecebile yobuhlakani kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba ngumuntu.
