Umbono kaThomas Aquinas ngoNkulunkulu
UThomas Aquinas, isazi sefilosofi nesazi semfundiso yenkolo sekhulu le-13, ungomunye wabacabangi abangamaKristu abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni wefilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo yaseNtshonalanga. Uyaziwa ngemizamo yakhe eqhubekayo yokuhlanganisa ifilosofi yasendulo yamaGreki, ikakhulukazi ubu-Aristotelianism, nezimfundiso zobuKristu. Ekudaleni lokhu kuhlanganiswa okukhulu, imisebenzi yakhe emikhulu, ikakhulukazi i-Summa Theologiae kanye ne-Summa Contra Gentiles, inikeza umbono ocebile nojulile ngomqondo kaNkulunkulu. Lesi sihloko sizohlola imibono kaThomas Aquinas ngoNkulunkulu, kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zokuba khona kukaNkulunkulu kuya ezimfanelweni zakhe ezibalulekile.
Izimpikiswano Zokuba Khona KukaNkulunkulu
Enye yeminikelo emikhulu ka-Aquinas yizimpikiswano zakhe ezinhlanu ezidumile zokufakazela ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “Izindlela Ezinhlanu.”
1. Impikiswano Yokunyakaza: U-Aquinas waphawula ukuthi konke okusemhlabeni kuyanyakaza. Waphikisana ngokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi noma yini izinyakaze yodwa ngaphandle kwesizathu sokuqala. Lokhu, waphikisana, kusho ukuthi kumelwe kube khona “uMshukumisi onganyakaziswa,” amchaza njengoNkulunkulu.
2. Impikiswano evela kuMbangela (Imbangela): Leli phuzu lisekelwe esimisweni sembangela. U-Aquinas uthi akunakuba khona uchungechunge olungenamkhawulo lwezimbangela nemiphumela. Ngakho-ke, kumelwe kube khona “Imbangela Yokuqala” engabangelwa yinoma yini enye—lo nguNkulunkulu.
3. Impikiswano Yokuthi Kungenzeka Yini Futhi Kuyadingeka (Okungenzeka): Le mpikiswano igxile ekubeni khona okungenzeka (lokho okungaba khona noma okungekho). Uma konke kuxhomeke, khona-ke kumelwe ukuthi kwakukhona isikhathi lapho kungekho lutho olwalukhona. Njengoba kukhona okuthile manje, kumelwe kube khona okuthile okudingekayo (okukhona njalo) okubangela ukuba konke kube khona. Lona nguNkulunkulu.
4. Impikiswano Yezinga Lokuphelela: Empilweni yansuku zonke, sibona amazinga ahlukahlukene okuphelela ezimfanelweni ezifana nobuhle, iqiniso, nokuhlakanipha. U-Aquinas waphetha ngokuthi ukuba khona kwalezi zinga kubonisa ukuba khona kwento ephelele kakhulu, okunguNkulunkulu.
5. Impikiswano Ye-Teleological: U-Aquinas wadonsela ukunaka ekuhlelekeni kwendawo yonke. Waphikisana ngokuthi lokhu kuhleleka kubonisa umklamo ohlakaniphile. Lo mklami, kuye, unguNkulunkulu.
Izimfanelo zikaNkulunkulu
Ngemva kokufakazela ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona, u-Aquinas waqhubeka nokuhlola izimfanelo zikaNkulunkulu. Lezi zimfanelo azitholakali nje kuphela ekwambulweni kwaphezulu kodwa futhi zingaqondwa ngokusebenzisa ukucabanga okunengqondo.
1. Ubulula: Ngokusho kuka-Aquinas, uNkulunkulu uyinto elula. Ubulula busho ukungahlukaniswa noma ukwakheka izingxenye ezahlukene. UNkulunkulu umsulwa ngoba azikho izingxenye kuYe.
2. Ukuphelela: UNkulunkulu ungumuntu ophelele kakhulu, ngokusho kuka-Aquinas. Ungumuntu ongokoqobo omsulwa ongenalo ikhono elingafezeki.
3. USomandla: U-Aquinas waphikisana ngokuthi uNkulunkulu unamandla phezu kwazo zonke izinto ezingenzeka. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi uNkulunkulu angenza izinto ezingenakwenzeka ngokunengqondo (njengokwenza isikwele esiyindilinga), kodwa kunalokho ukuthi uNkulunkulu unamandla angenamkhawulo ezintweni ezihambisana nezimfanelo Zakhe.
4. Ukuphelela (Ukuphakade): Ukuba khona kukaNkulunkulu kungunaphakade, akunasiqalo noma isiphetho. U-Aquinas waphikisana ngokuthi uNkulunkulu udlula isikhathi.
5. Ubuhle Obuphelele (Ubuningi Bomusa): UNkulunkulu ungumuntu ongcono kakhulu. Ungumthombo wabo bonke ubuhle futhi uphelele eqinisweni nasothandweni.
6. Ukuba khona kuyo yonke indawo: U-Aquinas wayekholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona yonke indawo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona ngokoqobo yonke indawo, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona futhi usekela konke ukuba khona.
Ulwazi ngoNkulunkulu
U-Aquinas wagomela ngokuthi uNkulunkulu unolwazi olungenamkhawulo. Ngenxa yokuthi uNkulunkulu uyimbangela yokuqala yazo zonke izinto, uyazi konke okwenzekile nakho konke okungenzeka. Ulwazi lukaNkulunkulu alugcini nje kuphela emandleni noma okungenzeka, kodwa lungokoqobo futhi lushesha. UNkulunkulu akadingi inqubo yokufunda, futhi ulwazi Lwakhe alunqunyelwe yisikhathi noma isikhala.
Intando kaNkulunkulu
Ngokombono ka-Aquinas, intando kaNkulunkulu ilungile futhi ivumelana nokuhlakanipha nolwazi lwaKhe. Intando kaNkulunkulu iyimbangela yazo zonke izinto ezinhle emhlabeni. UNkulunkulu ufisa okuhle kwezidalwa zaKhe futhi uklama zonke izinto ukuze zifeze izinhloso ezinhle, yize inkululeko yokuzikhethela yomuntu ingadlala indima ekunqumeni ukuthi lezi zinhloso zizofezeka kanjani.
Ubudlelwano Phakathi KukaNkulunkulu Nomhlaba
U-Aquinas wayekholelwa ukuthi umhlaba wadalwa nguNkulunkulu. Wayebheka umhlaba njengohlelo oludalwe kusukela ezeni (creatio ex nihilo) futhi olugcinwe nguNkulunkulu. Nakuba uNkulunkulu edlula indalo Yakhe, ukhona futhi uyasebenza ekufezeni ukuqondiswa Kwakhe. Konke okukhona kuncike kuNkulunkulu ngaso sonke isikhathi sokuba khona kwawo.
Ubuhlobo obuvumelanayo phakathi kukaNkulunkulu nendalo yaKhe buyisibopho esibonisa ukuhleleka nenjongo endaweni yonke. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Aquinas uphinde waphikisana ngokuthi uNkulunkulu unikeza abantu inkululeko yokuziphatha yokwenza izinqumo. Lo mbono uthatha ubudlelwano phakathi kukaNkulunkulu njengomdali nomsekeli, kanye nabantu njengezikhonzi ezinenkululeko yokuzikhethela.
Isiphetho
Umbono kaThomas Aquinas ngoNkulunkulu unikeza enye yezincazelo ezihlelekile nezihlelekile emlandweni wefilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo. Ngokuhlanganisa ukucabanga okunengqondo kanye nesambulo saphezulu, wakwazi ukwakha impikiswano ephoqelelayo yokuba khona kanye nezimfanelo zikaNkulunkulu. U-Aquinas akagcinanga nje ngokunikeza isisekelo esiqinile somcabango wenkolo nowefilosofi wobuKristu, kodwa futhi wethula umbono owathonya konke kusukela ekuziphatheni kuya kwisayensi yemvelo. Wakha ngempumelelo uhlaka olwavumela ukuvumelana kokholo nokucabanga, umnikelo ohlala ubalulekile futhi unethonya kuze kube namuhla.
Ngemizamo yakhe yokuqonda nokuchaza uNkulunkulu, uThomas Aquinas akagcini nje ngokunikeza ukuqonda okujulile kwezenkolo, kodwa futhi usimema ukuba siqhubeke nokuzindla nokuhlola ubuhlobo bethu noMdali.
