Izici Ezithinta Izinga Lokusabela
Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuyinqubo lapho izinto zamakhemikhali ziguqulwa khona zibe umkhiqizo owodwa noma ngaphezulu omusha. Esinye sezici ezithakazelisayo nezibalulekile zokufunda ukusabela kwamakhemikhali yisilinganiso sokusabela. Izinga lokusabela libonisa ukuthi ukusabela kwenzeka ngokushesha kangakanani, futhi ukuqonda izici ezithonyayo kubalulekile emikhakheni ehlukahlukene njengemboni, imithi, i-biology, kanye nemvelo. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa kabanzi ngezinto eziyinhloko ezithonya amazinga okusabela.
1. Ukuhlushwa kwama-Reactant
Esinye sezici eziyisisekelo ezithinta izinga lokusabela ukuhlushwa kwama-reactants. Ukuhlushwa kubhekisela enanini lento ngeyunithi ngayinye. Ngokuvamile, njengoba ukuhlushwa kwe-reactant kukhuphuka, amathuba okushayisana phakathi kwama-molecule ama-reactant nawo ayanda, okuholela ekuphenduleni okusheshayo.
Ngokusho kwenkolelo-mbono yokushayisana, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka lapho izinhlayiya ze-reactant zishayisana namandla anele. Ukwandisa ukuhlushwa kwe-reactants kusho izinhlayiya eziningi ngevolumu ethile, okwandisa amathuba okushayisana, okugcina kukhulisa izinga lokusabela.
Isibonelo
Isibonelo, ekusabeleni phakathi kwama-molecule e-hydrogen (H₂) nama-molecule e-oxygen (O₂) ukuze kwakheke amanzi (H₂O), ukwandisa ukuhlushwa kwe-hydrogen noma i-oxygen kuzosheshisa izinga lokwakheka kwamanzi.
2. Izinga lokushisa
Izinga lokushisa lingenye into ebalulekile ethonya kakhulu amazinga okusabela. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, amandla e-kinetic ezinhlayiya ze-reactant nawo ayakhula. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi izinhlayiya zihambe ngokushesha futhi zishayisane kaningi nangamandla amakhulu.
Uma izinga lokushisa lenyuka, kuba nezinhlayiya eziningi ezinamandla amakhulu kunamandla okusebenza, amandla amancane adingekayo ukuze kwenzeke ukusabela. Ngakho-ke, ukwandisa izinga lokushisa kuvame ukusheshisa izinga lokusabela.
Isibonelo
Ukuhlolwa okulula ngokusabela phakathi kwe-hydrochloric acid (HCl) ne-magnesium (Mg) kubonisa ukuthi ukwandisa izinga lokushisa lesisombululo se-asidi kubangela ukuthi igesi ye-hydrogen (H₂) yakheke ngokushesha okukhulu.
3. Ingcindezi
Ukucindezela kuthinta kakhulu amazinga okusabela ezinhlelweni zegesi. Ukwandisa ukucindezela ohlelweni lwegesi kunciphisa ivolumu, okuthi kamuva kwandise ukugcwala kwegesi. Lokhu kufana nomthelela wokugcwala okuphezulu ekuphenduleni koketshezi, okubangela ukushayisana okwengeziwe phakathi kwama-molecule egesi nokusheshisa izinga lokusabela.
Isibonelo
Ekuhlanganisweni kwe-ammonia (NH₃) kusuka ku-nitrogen (N₂) kanye ne-hydrogen (H₂) kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-Haber, ukucindezela okuphezulu kusetshenziswa ukusheshisa izinga lokusabela. Ukucindezela okuphezulu kuhlanganisa ama-molecule egesi eduze, okwenza kube nokushayisana okukhiqizayo okungenzeka kakhulu.
4. I-Catalyst
Ama-Catalyst yizinto ezisheshisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngaphandle kokushintsha okungapheli enkambisweni. Asebenza ngokuhlinzeka ngendlela ehlukile yokusabela enamandla okusebenza aphansi. Lokhu kuvumela izinhlayiya eziningi ze-reactant ukuthi zibe namandla anele okusabela ekushiseni okuphansi.
Isibonelo
Ama-enzyme ayizinto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezibangela ukwakheka kwe-bio. Isibonelo, i-enzyme i-amylase isheshisa ukuqhekeka kwesitashi sibe ushukela emlonyeni nasemathunjini amancane.
5. Indawo Yomphezulu
Indawo engaphezulu yezinhlayiya ezisabelayo eziqinile nayo ithinta amazinga okusabela. Ukwandisa indawo engaphezulu yezinhlayiya eziqinile kunikeza izindawo eziningi zokushayisana namanye ama-molecule asabelayo. Ngakho-ke, ukusabela okubandakanya izinto eziqinile kuzoqhubeka ngokushesha uma okuqinile kusesimweni sempuphu ecolekile noma izinhlayiya ezincane kunokuba kusesimweni sezingcezu ezinkulu.
Isibonelo
Ukushiswa kwempuphu ye-magnesium kuyashesha kunokushiswa kwenduku ye-magnesium ngoba impuphu inendawo enkulu ebusweni okwandisa imvamisa nesikhathi sokuxhumana nomoya-mpilo.
6. Izakhiwo ze-Reactants
Izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zama-reactants ngokwawo nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni amazinga okusabela. Ama-molecule alula anezibopho ezibuthakathaka ngokuvamile asabela ngokushesha kunama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi anezibopho eziqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-polarity kanye nesakhiwo sama-molecule nakho kungathonya amazinga okusabela.
Isibonelo
Ukusabela phakathi kwama-ion esixazululweni kuvame ukushesha ngoba ukushaja kukagesi kuqhuba ukusebenzisana okusheshayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukusabela phakathi kwama-molecule amakhulu, ayinkimbinkimbi, njengalawo asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamaprotheni, kuvame ukuba kancane ngoba kuhileleke izinyathelo eziningana eziphakathi.
7. Inhibitor
Ama-inhibitor ayizinto ezinciphisa noma ezivimbela izinga lokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Asebenza ngezindlela ezahlukene, njengokubopha kuma-reactants noma ama-catalyst, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise amathuba okushayisana okuphumelelayo. Ama-inhibitor avame ukusetshenziswa embonini ukulawula ukusabela okusheshayo kakhulu.
Isibonelo
Enqubweni yokulondolozwa kokudla, izithasiselo zisebenza njengezithibi ezivimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane kanye nokusabela kokuwohloka kokudla, ngaleyo ndlela zinciphise ukubola kokudla.
8. Isinyibilikisi
Uhlobo lwesinyibilikisi esisetshenziswa ekusabeleni lungathinta nezinga lokusabela, ikakhulukazi ekusabeleni kwezinto eziphilayo. Izinyibilikisi ze-polar zingasiza ekusabalaliseni amashaja nasekuqiniseni ama-ion, kuyilapho izinyibilikisi ezingezona ze-polar zingase zingakhulisi izinga lokusabela.
Isibonelo
Izinyibilikisi ezifana namanzi noma i-ethanol ngokuvamile zisheshisa ukusabela kwe-ionic kangcono kunezinyibilikisi ezingezona ezi-polar ezifana ne-hexane ngenxa yamandla amanzi noma i-ethanol okuqinisa ama-ion ngogesi.
Isiphetho
Ukuqonda nokulawula izici ezithonya amazinga okusabela kubalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo kumakhemikhali nasezimbonini. Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwezidakamizwa kuya ekukhiqizweni kokudla nezinto ezibonakalayo, lokhu kuqonda kuvumela ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo kanye nokufezwa kwemiphumela efiselekayo ngendlela ephumelela kakhudlwana futhi engabizi kakhulu. Ngokuqhubeka nokujulisa ukuqonda kwethu ukusebenzisana okuhilelekile ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali, singaqhubeka nokuhlola izindlela zokusebenzisa lezi zimo ukuze sithuthuke kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu.
