I-Chemistry iwukufunda izakhiwo, ukwakheka, kanye nezinguquko zezinto. Njengoba isayensi ithuthuka, ososayensi baklame imithetho eminingana eyisisekelo esekela yonke imibono yamakhemikhali kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo. Le mithetho ayibalulekile nje kuphela ekuqondeni okuyisisekelo kwe-chemistry kodwa futhi iwusizo kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene okusebenzayo kwezobuchwepheshe, kwezemithi, kanye nemvelo. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngemithetho emine eyisisekelo ye-chemistry: uMthetho Wokulondolozwa Kwesisindo, uMthetho Wezilinganiso Eziqondile, uMthetho Wezilinganiso Eziningi, kanye noMthetho kaGay-Lussac.
Umthetho Wokulondolozwa Kwenqwaba
UMthetho Wokulondolozwa Kwe-Mass, owaziwa nangokuthi uMthetho kaLavoisier, uqanjwe ngo-Antoine Lavoisier, isazi samakhemikhali saseFrance owawusungula ngekhulu le-18. Lo mthetho uthi isisindo esiphelele sezinto ezihilelekile ekusabeleni kwamakhemikhali asishintshi; isisindo sezinto ngaphambi nangemva kokusabela siyafana.
Isimiso Somthetho Wokulondolozwa KweMisa
Isimiso esiyinhloko salo mthetho ukuthi isisindo asinakudalwa noma sibhujiswe ekusabeleni kwamakhemikhali. Kuyo yonke i-chemical reaction, isisindo esiphelele sama-reactants silingana nesisindo esiphelele semikhiqizo.
Izibonelo Zokusebenza
Isibonelo esilula soMthetho Wokulondolozwa Kwesisindo ukushiswa kwezinkuni. Lapho izinkuni zisha, zisabela nomoya-mpilo emoyeni ukuze zakhe umlotha, igesi yekhabhoni dioksijini, kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi. Uma silinganisa isisindo sokhuni nomoya-mpilo ngaphambi kokushiswa kanye nesisindo somlotha, ikhabhoni dioksijini, kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi ngemva kokushiswa, isisindo sonke sizohlala sinjalo.
\[ \umbhalo{Isisindo sama-reactants} = \umbhalo{Isisindo semikhiqizo} \]
Esinye isibonelo yi-electrolysis yamanzi, lapho amanzi (H₂O) ehlukaniswa abe yigesi ye-hydrogen (H₂) kanye negesi ye-oxygen (O₂). Isisindo samanzi aqhekekile sizolingana nesisindo esiphelele segesi ye-hydrogen kanye negesi ye-oxygen ekhiqizwayo.
Umthetho Wezilinganiso Ezihlala Njalo
UMthetho Wezilinganiso Eziqondile, owaziwa nangokuthi uMthetho kaProust, uqanjwe ngegama likaJoseph Proust, isazi sekhemikhali saseFrance esawusungula ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. Lo mthetho uthi inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ihlala yakhiwa ngezinto ezifanayo ngesilinganiso esinqunyiwe nesiqondile ngobuningi.
Isimiso Somthetho Wezilinganiso Ezihlala Njalo
Lo mthetho uthi ukwakheka kwenhlanganisela yamakhemikhali kuhlala njalo futhi akuxhomekile ekutheni le nhlanganisela ilungiswa kanjani noma ukuthi ivelaphi. Isibonelo, amanzi ahlala equkethe ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen kanye ne-athomu elilodwa le-oxygen, okunikeza isilinganiso se-mass hydrogen ku-oxygen esingaba ngu-1:8.
Izibonelo Zokusebenza
Isibonelo sokusetshenziswa koMthetho Wezilinganiso Eziqondile ngamanzi (H₂O). Amanzi athathwe emifuleni, olwandle, noma alungiselelwe elabhorethri ahlala enesilinganiso esifanayo se-hydrogen ne-oxygen. Uma sibolisa amanzi, sizohlala sithola i-hydrogen ne-oxygen ngesilinganiso esinqunyiwe se-mass, cishe igremu eli-1 le-hydrogen kuwo wonke amagremu ayi-8 e-oxygen.
Umthetho Wezilinganiso Eziningi
UMthetho Wezilinganiso Eziningi, owatholakala nguJohn Dalton ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, uthi uma izakhi ezimbili zingakha inhlanganisela engaphezu kweyodwa, ubuningi besakhi esisodwa obuhlanganiswe nesisindo esithile sesakhi esinye buzoba ngesilinganiso sezinombolo eziphelele ezilula.
Isimiso Somthetho Wezilinganiso Eziningi
Lo mthetho ukhombisa ukuthi izakhi zingahlangana ngezilinganiso ezahlukene ukuze zakhe ama-compound ahlukene, kodwa izilinganiso zobuningi zihlala ziyizinombolo eziphelele ezilula. Lokhu kusekela inkolelo-mbono ye-athomu yokuthi ama-athomu ayiyunithi encane kakhulu engahlukaniseki ekusabeleni kwamakhemikhali.
Izibonelo Zokusebenza
Isibonelo sokusetshenziswa koMthetho Wezilinganiso Eziningi singabonakala kumakhemikhali akhiwe ngekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo. Ikhabhoni ingahlangana nomoya-mpilo ukuze yakhe amakhemikhali amabili ahlukene: i-carbon monoxide (CO) kanye ne-carbon dioxide (CO₂). Uma silinganisa isisindo somoya-mpilo esihlangana nesisindo esifanayo sekhabhoni kuzo zombili lezi zinhlanganisela, sizothola ukuthi isilinganiso sobuningi bomoya-mpilo ku-carbon monoxide kanye ne-carbon dioxide singu-1:2.
\[ \text{CO:} \frac{1 \text{ grams C}}{1,33 \text{ grams O}} \]
\[ \text{CO}_2\text{:} \frac{1 \text{ grams C}}{2,66 \text{ grams O}} \]
\[ \frac{2,66}{1,33} = 2 \]
Umthetho kaGay-Lussac
Umthetho kaGay-Lussac, oqanjwe ngoJoseph Louis Gay-Lussac, uthi ingcindezi yegesi ilingana ngqo nokushisa kwayo lapho ivolumu yegesi ihlala ingaguquki. Lo mthetho ubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwamagesi futhi ungomunye wezisekelo ze-kinetic theory yamagesi.
Isimiso Somthetho SikaGay-Lussac
Lo mthetho uthi uma ivolumu yegesi ihlala ingaguquki, khona-ke ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa kuzobangela ukwenyuka kwengcindezi yegesi, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Lo mthetho ungakhiwa kanje:
\[ \frac{P_1}{T_1} = \frac{P_2}{T_2} \]
lapho u-P eyingcindezi, u-T uyizinga lokushisa ku-Kelvin, kanti izinkomba 1 no-2 zimelela izimo zokuqala nezokugcina.
Izibonelo Zokusebenza
Isibonelo soMthetho kaGay-Lussac isilinda segesi esivaliwe. Uma isilinda sishiswa, izinga lokushisa legesi elingaphakathi lizokhuphuka, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ingcindezi yegesi nayo izokhuphuka. Lesi yisimiso esisetshenziswa ekusebenzeni kwamadivayisi amaningi njengamathini e-aerosol kanye nezinjini zokushisa zangaphakathi.
Isiphetho
Imithetho emine eyisisekelo yamakhemikhali—uMthetho Wokulondolozwa Kwesisindo, uMthetho Wezilinganiso Eziqondile, uMthetho Wezilinganiso Eziningi, kanye noMthetho kaGay-Lussac—inikeza isisekelo sokuqonda ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuziphatha kwezinto ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene. Le mithetho ayigcini nje ngokusekela inkolelo-mbono kanye nokusebenza kwamakhemikhali kodwa futhi inezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibanzi kwisayensi nobuchwepheshe. Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa le mithetho, singabikezela kangcono imiphumela yokusabela kwamakhemikhali, siklame izinqubo zamakhemikhali ezisebenzayo, futhi sithuthukise ubuchwepheshe obusha, obunobungani nemvelo nobuqhubekayo. Lolu lwazi luyisisekelo sabo bonke amakhemikhali nososayensi abasebenza emikhakheni ehlobene.
