I-Electrochemistry: Izisekelo kanye Nokusetshenziswa Empilweni Yanamuhla
I-Pendahuluan
I-Electrochemistry iyigatsha le-chemistry elifunda ubudlelwano phakathi kokusabela kwamakhemikhali kanye nogesi kagesi. Ukugxila okuyinhloko kwale nsimu ukuguqulwa kwamandla amakhemikhali abe amandla kagesi, futhi okuphambene nalokho. I-Electrochemistry idlala indima ebalulekile ezicini eziningi zokuphila kwanamuhla, kusukela kumabhethri namaseli kaphethiloli kuya ekuhlanzweni kwensimbi kanye nokwenziwa kwama-electrochemical. Lesi sihloko sizobuyekeza izisekelo ze-electrochemistry, izimiso zayo zokusebenza, kanye nezicelo zayo ezibalulekile eziguqula indlela esiphila futhi sisebenza ngayo.
Izisekelo ze-Electrochemistry
Ukusabela kwe-Redox
I-Electrochemistry ihlobene kakhulu nokusabela kokunciphisa i-oxidation (redox). Kulezi zindlela zokusabela, ama-electron adluliselwa kusuka kolunye uhlobo aye kolunye. Uhlobo olulahlekelwa ama-electron kuthiwa lu-oxidated, kanti uhlobo oluthola ama-electron kuthiwa luncishisiwe. Ukusabela ngakunye kwe-redox kuqukethe ukusabela okubili okuyingxenye: ukusabela okuyingxenye kokuxiliswa kanye nokusabela okuyingxenye kokuncishiswa.
Amandla e-Electrode
Ukusabela ngakunye kwesigamu kune-electrode potential ethile, noma i-voltage, elinganisa ukuthambekela kohlobo oluthile kokungcoliswa noma ukuncishiswa. Ama-electrode potentials ajwayelekile achazwa uma kuqhathaniswa ne-hydrogen electrode ejwayelekile (SHE), echazwa njengenamandla angama-volts angu-0.
Umthetho kaFaraday
I-Electrochemistry ilawulwa yimithetho kaFaraday, eveza ubudlelwano obulinganiselwe phakathi kwenani likagesi elisetshenzisiwe kanye nenani lento encishisiwe noma exutshwe. Umthetho wokuqala kaFaraday uthi isisindo sento efakwe noma encibilikisiwe ku-electrode silingana nenani leshaja kagesi elidluliswa ngesisombululo. Umthetho wesibili kaFaraday uthi ngesisindo esifanayo, inani lokufakwa kwento liyahlukahluka kuye ngenani lama-electron ahilelekile ekusabeleni kwe-redox kwento ngayinye.
Amaseli e-Galvanic namaseli e-Electrolytic
I-Electrochemistry ihilela izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamaseli kagesi: amaseli e-galvanic namaseli e-electrolytic. Amaseli e-galvanic aguqula amandla amakhemikhali abe amandla kagesi, njengoba atholakala kumabhethri. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amaseli e-electrolytic asebenzisa amandla kagesi ukushayela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungahleliwe, futhi avame ukusetshenziswa ekucwengisiseni insimbi kanye nokwenza i-electrolytic.
Izicelo ze-Electrochemical
Amabhethri nama-Accumulator
Amabhethri ayisibonelo esivame kakhulu sokusetshenziswa kwe-electrochemical. Amabhethri asebenza ngesimiso seseli le-galvanic, lapho ukusabela kwe-redox okuzenzakalelayo kukhiqiza amandla kagesi. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhethri, kufaka phakathi amabhethri e-lead-acid (ama-accumulators), amabhethri e-lithium-ion, namabhethri e-alkaline. Uhlobo ngalunye lunezinzuzo nezinkinga zalo, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion, isibonelo, asetshenziswa kabanzi kumadivayisi kagesi aphathekayo afana namaselula nama-laptop ngenxa yobuningi bawo bamandla aphezulu kanye nokushaja kabusha okuhle kakhulu.
Iseli likaphethiloli
Iseli likaphethiloli liyithuluzi eliguqula amandla amakhemikhali kaphethiloli (ngokuvamile i-hydrogen) abe ugesi ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-electrochemical ne-oxygen. Amaseli kaphethiloli asebenza kahle kakhulu kunezitshalo zikagesi ezivamile futhi akhiqiza ukukhishwa okuphansi komoya. Amaseli kaphethiloli asetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni zikagesi futhi njengomthombo wamandla ohlukile onobungani nemvelo.
I-Electrolysis
I-Electrolysis inqubo yokusebenzisa ugesi kagesi ukuze kubangele ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungahleliwe. Esinye isicelo sisembonini yokucwenga insimbi, njengokukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium kusuka ku-bauxite ore. I-Electrolysis isetshenziselwa futhi ukukhiqiza i-chlorine kanye ne-sodium hydroxide kusuka kusisombululo se-sodium chloride, kanye nokukhiqiza i-hydrogen emanzini.
Ukugqwala kanye nokuvikelwa kwe-Cathodic
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu kwezobunjiniyela nokwakha ukugqwala, okuyinqubo yokuwohloka kwezinto ngenxa yokusabela kwe-electrochemical endaweni ezungezile. Ukugqwala kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu wesakhiwo kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezomnotho. Ukuvikelwa kwe-Cathodic kuyindlela esetshenziswa ukuvimbela ukugqwala, lapho kusetshenziswa khona ugesi ukulwa nokusabela kwe-redox okubangela ukugqwala. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kabanzi ukuvikela amapayipi, amathangi, kanye nezakhiwo ezingaphansi kwamanzi.
Inzwa ye-Electrochemical
Izinzwa ze-electrochemical zisetshenziselwa ukuthola nokulinganisa ukuhlushwa okuthile kwento esixazululweni. Ama-Glucometer, asetshenziswa abantu abanesifo sikashukela ukuqapha amazinga kashukela egazini, ayisibonelo sokusetshenziswa kwezinzwa ze-electrochemical. Lezi zinzwa zisebenza ngokusekelwe ezinguqukweni zamandla kagesi ezibangelwa ukusabela kwe-redox phakathi kwe-glucose kanye ne-reagent ku-electrode yezinzwa.
Ukwelashwa kwemfucuza
Ubuchwepheshe be-electrochemical budlala indima ebalulekile ekuphathweni kwamanzi namanzi angcolile. I-electrocoagulation, isibonelo, iyindlela esebenzisa ugesi ukuze kususwe ukungcola okuvela emanzini angcolile. Iyindlela ephumelelayo yokususa izinsimbi ezisindayo, izinto eziphilayo, kanye nama-microorganism emanzini.
Isitoreji Samandla
Njengoba ukunaka okukhulayo kwamandla avuselelekayo, ukugcinwa kwamandla sekuyindawo ebalulekile yocwaningo. Amabhethri okugeleza kwe-Redox awuhlobo lwebhethri olugcina amandla ezixazululweni ezimbili ezihlukene ze-electrolyte, okuvumela ukugcinwa kwamandla okukhulu. Lobu buchwepheshe bulungele ukugcina amandla avela emithonjeni evuselelekayo njengamandla elanga nawomoya.
Intuthuko Yamuva
Ucwaningo lwe-electrochemistry luyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ngokushesha, kanti izinto ezintsha ezitholakele zinikeza amathuba amakhulu okusungula izinto ezintsha. Enye indawo esebenzayo ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri aphephile, asebenza kahle, futhi anobungani nemvelo. Ucwaningo ngezinto ezintsha ze-cathode, ama-electrolyte aqinile, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokupakisha obuhambisanayo luyaqhubeka.
Enye insimu esanda kuvela uphenyo lwe-nanoelectrochemistry, lapho ukusabela kwe-electrochemical kuguqulwa khona esikalini se-nanometer. Lokhu kuvula amathuba amasha ezinzwa, amadivayisi kagesi amancane, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphumelelayo.
Isiphetho
I-Electrochemistry, ngezimiso zayo eziyisisekelo kanye nokusetshenziswa okubanzi, idlale indima engenakuphikwa ekuqhubekiseni intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nasekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yempilo yethu. Kusukela kumabhethri anika amandla amadivayisi ethu kagesi kuya kumaseli kaphethiloli athembisa ikusasa lamandla ahlanzekile, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwelapha amanzi kuya ekuvikeleni izakhiwo ekugqwaleni, i-electrochemistry ithinta izici eziningi zokuphila kwethu. Njengoba ucwaningo kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kuqhubeka nokuthuthuka, singalindela intuthuko eyengeziwe esebenzisa amandla e-electrochemistry ukubhekana nezinselele zomhlaba wonke zesikhathi esizayo.
