Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Exoxa Ngokusabela Kwenuzi (Ukuqhekeka Nokuhlanganiswa)
Ukusabela kwenyukliya kuyisici esibalulekile esibonakalayo ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wamandla. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokusabela kwenyukliya: ukuhlukana kanye nokuhlangana. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngemiqondo eyisisekelo, umehluko, kanye nezibonelo eziningana zezinkinga kanye nezixazululo zazo ezihlobene nokusabela kwenyukliya, kokubili ukuhlukana kanye nokuhlangana.
Isingeniso Sokusabela Kwe-Fission kanye ne-Fusion
Ukuqhekeka yinqubo lapho i-nucleus enkulu, esindayo ye-athomu, njenge-uranium-235 noma i-plutonium-239, ihlukaniswa khona ibe yi-nuclei encane, elula. Le nqubo ikhipha inani elikhulu lamandla ngoba ingxenye yobunzima be-nucleus yokuqala iguqulwa ibe amandla, ngokusho kwesibalo esidumile sika-Albert Einstein, \(E=mc^2\). Ukusabela kokuqhekeka kusetshenziswa kabanzi ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi kanye nezikhali zenuzi.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuhlangana kuyinqubo lapho ama-nuclei alula ehlangana khona ukuze akhe ama-nuclei asindayo. Isibonelo esivame kakhulu sokusabela kokuhlangana ukuhlangana kwama-nuclei e-hydrogen abe yi-helium, njengoba kwenzeka elangeni nakwezinye izinkanyezi. Ukuhlangana kukhiqiza amandla amaningi ngeyunithi ngayinye kunokwahlukana futhi kuwumthombo oyinhloko wamandla endaweni yonke.
Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Nengxoxo
Ukuze siqonde kangcono lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokusabela kwenuzi, ake sixoxe ngezibonelo zemibuzo evame ukuvela ezifundweni zefiziksi yenuzi.
Umbuzo 1: Ukusabela Kokuhlukana Kwe-Uranium-235
Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokusabela kwe-fission yilapho i-uranium-235 ibamba i-neutron bese ihlukana ibe yi-barium-141 kanye ne-krypton-92, ikhulule ama-neutron amathathu engeziwe. Bhala i-equation yalokhu kusabela bese ubala inani lamandla akhishwe, uma isisindo senuzi se-uranium-235 singama-235,0439 u, i-barium-141 ingu-140,9144 u, kanti i-krypton-92 ingu-91,9262 u. Isisindo se-neutron singama-1,0087 u.
Ingxoxo:
Ukusabela kwenuzi okwenzekayo kungabhalwa kanje:
\[
\text{^{235}_{92}U} + \text{n} \rightarrow \text{^{141}_{56}Ba} + \text{^{92}_{36}Kr} + 3\text{n}
\]
Ukuze sibale amandla akhishwe, sidinga ukwazi ukuntuleka kwesisindo, okuwumehluko phakathi kwesisindo sokuqala kanye nesisindo semikhiqizo:
1. Isisindo sokuqala = Isisindo se-uranium-235 + Isisindo se-neutron = 235,0439 u + 1,0087 u = 236,0526 u
2. Isisindo somkhiqizo = Isisindo se-barium-141 + Isisindo se-krypton-92 + 3 Isisindo se-neutron = 140,9144 u + 91,9262 u + 3(1,0087 u) = 235,8607 u
3. Isisindo esishodayo (Δm) = Isisindo sokuqala – Isisindo somkhiqizo = 236,0526 u – 235,8607 u = 0,1919 u
Amandla akhishwe angabalwa kusetshenziswa i-equation \(E=mc^2\), lapho u-1 ulingana no-931.5 MeV:
\[
\Delta E = \Delta m \izikhathi 931.5 \, \text{MeV} = 0.1919 \izikhathi 931.5 \, \text{MeV} \approx 178.8 \, \text{MeV}
\]
Ngakho-ke, amandla akhishwa kulokhu kusabela kokuhlukana cishe angama-178.8 MeV.
Umbuzo 2: Ukusabela Kokuhlanganiswa Kwe-Hydrogen
Njengesibonelo se-fusion reaction, ake sicabangele ukusabela phakathi kwama-nuclei amabili e-deuterium (\( \text{^2_1H} \)) ukwakha i-nucleus ye-helium-3 (\( \text{^3_2He} \)) kanye ne-neutron eyodwa. Bala amandla akhishwe uma isisindo se-deuterium singu-2,0141 u, isisindo se-helium-3 singu-3,0160 u, kanti isisindo se-neutron singu-1,0087 u.
Ingxoxo:
Ukusabela kwenuzi okwenzekayo kungabhalwa kanje:
\[
\umbhalo{^2_1H} + \umbhalo{^2_1H} \umcibisholo ongakwesokudla \umbhalo{^3_2He} + \umbhalo{n}
\]
Bala ukuntuleka kwesisindo okwenzeka ekuphenduleni:
1. Isisindo sokuqala = 2(2,0141 u) = 4,0282 u
2. Isisindo somkhiqizo = Isisindo se-Helium-3 + Isisindo se-Neutron = 3,0160 u + 1,0087 u = 4,0247 u
3. Isisindo esishodayo (Δm) = Isisindo sokuqala – Isisindo somkhiqizo = 4,0282 u – 4,0247 u = 0,0035 u
Amandla akhishwe angabalwa:
\[
\Delta E = \Delta m \izikhathi 931.5 \, \text{MeV} = 0.0035 \izikhathi 931.5 \, \text{MeV} \approx 3.26 \, \text{MeV}
\]
Amandla akhishwa kulokhu kuhlangana kwe-fusion angaba ngu-3.26 MeV.
Ukuqhathanisa kanye Nokusetshenziswa
Kusukela kulezi zibonelo ezimbili, singaphetha ngokuthi nakuba ukusabela kwe-fusion kukhiqiza amandla amancane kancane ngomcimbi ngamunye kunamandla akhishwa ukusabela kwe-fission, inzuzo eyinhloko yokuhlangana amandla amakhulu kakhulu uma kwenziwa ngobuningi, njengase-reactor ye-fusion, okungaxazulula izinkinga zamandla zomhlaba ngokuhlanzeka nangokuphephile.
Ukusabela kokuqhekeka okwamanje kusetshenziswa kabanzi ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi, kodwa babhekene nezinselele ezihlobene nokuphepha kanye nemfucuza ekhipha imisebe. Okwamanje, ukusabela kokuqhekeka, okuyisisekelo samandla elanga kanye nezinkanyezi, kusathuthukiswa, kanti amaphrojekthi afana ne-ITER eFrance ahlose ukukhombisa ukusebenza kokuhlanganiswa kwenuzi njengomthombo wamandla ahlanzekile wesikhathi esizayo.
Isiphetho
Ukuqonda ukusabela kwenyukliya, kokubili ukuhlukana kanye nokuhlangana, kubalulekile esimweni sentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nesayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu lwazi lunikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngendlela indawo yonke esebenza ngayo kanye nezinhlelo zayo ezingaba khona ekuhlinzekeni ngemithombo yamandla esimeme. Ekufundeni ukusabela kwenyukliya, izinkinga zokuzijwayeza ezifana nalezo okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla zisiza ekujuleni ukuqonda kwethu imiqondo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla enyukliya.
