Isibonelo Semibuzo Yengxoxo Ngokusatshalaliswa Kwezitshalo Nezilwane Emhlabeni Ngokusho kuka-Alfred Russel Wallace
Ukusatshalaliswa nokusatshalaliswa kwezitshalo nezilwane emhlabeni wonke kuyisenzakalo esithakazelisayo esiye sakhanga ukunaka kososayensi amakhulu eminyaka. Omunye wabantu ababalulekile abathuthukisa imibono nemibono ebalulekile kulo mkhakha kwakungu-Alfred Russel Wallace. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngalo mqondo wokusabalalisa, siphelele ngezinkinga zezibonelo nezingxoxo, ukuze siqonde kangcono iminikelo kaWallace ku-biogeography.
Isingeniso ku-Alfred Russel Wallace
U-Alfred Russel Wallace wayengusosayensi wezinto eziphilayo waseNgilandi kanye nomhloli wamazwe owaziwa njengomunye wabasunguli benkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokukhethwa kwemvelo, kanye noCharles Darwin. Ngaphezu kwenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, iminikelo kaWallace ebaluleke ngokulinganayo yayisemkhakheni we-biogeography, lapho athuthukisa khona umqondo we-Wallace Line, ohlukanisa izifunda zezwe ngokusekelwe ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni zazo.
Indawo Yokusabalalisa kanye Nomugqa waseWallace
UWallace uthole umugqa ongokomfanekiso, owaziwa ngokuthi uWallace Line, ohlukanisa izindawo zezilwane zase-Asia nase-Australasia. Lo mugqa udlula phakathi kweziqhingi zaseBali naseLombok naphakathi kweKalimantan neSulawesi e-Indonesia. Okutholakele kukaWallace kubonise ukuthi naphezu kokuba ziseduze, izinhlobo ezikuhlangothini ngalunye lwalo mugqa zihlukile kakhulu.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezindawo Eziphilayo KukaWallace
UWallace wahlukanisa umhlaba ngezifunda eziningana ze-biogeographic ngokusekelwe kumaphethini okusabalala kwezitshalo nezilwane. Izindawo ezaziwa kakhulu yi-Neotropical, Afrotropical, Indomalayan, Palearctic, Nearctic, Australasian, kanye ne-Oceanic. Isifunda ngasinye sinezici ezithile ezihlobene nezinhlobo ezihlala kuso.
Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Ngengxoxo Yokusatshalaliswa Kwezitshalo Nezilwane
Ukuze siqonde ngokujulile ngokusatshalaliswa kwezitshalo nezilwane ngokusho kukaWallace, ake sixoxe ngemibuzo elandelayo eyisibonelo kanye nezingxoxo zayo:
Umbuzo 1:
Chaza ukuthi i-Wallace Line ithinta kanjani ukusabalala kwezitshalo nezilwane e-Indonesia!
Ingxoxo:
Umugqa iWallace ungumngcele we-biogeographic ohlukanisa izinhlobo zase-Asia nase-Australasia. E-Indonesia, lo mugqa uhamba phakathi kweziqhingi zaseBali naseLombok naphakathi kweKalimantan neSulawesi. Ukuba khona kwalo mugqa kusho ukuthi izitshalo nezilwane zaseBali zifana kakhulu nalezo ezitholakala e-Asia, kuyilapho iLombok inethonya lase-Australasia. Izinguquko endaweni kanye nemingcele yolwandle eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule ziye zathonya izindlela zokufuduka kwezinhlobo, okwaholela ekwehlukeni okukhulu naphezu kokuba lezi ziqhingi ziseduze.
Umbuzo 2:
Xoxani ngokuthi kungani uWallace akhetha indawo ezungeze i-Indonesia njengendawo okugxilwe kuyo ocwaningweni lwakhe lwe-biogeography!
Ingxoxo:
I-Indonesia isendaweni yokuhlangana kwamazwekazi amabili, i-Asia ne-Australasia. Lokhu kwenza i-Indonesia yaba yindawo efanele yokucwaninga kaWallace yokufunda ukusabalala kanye nokuguquka kwezinhlobo. Ukuhlukahluka kwayo okuphezulu kanye nezimo zezwe ezihlukile kwenza uWallace wabona ngokucacile imingcele yokusabalala kwezinhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukahluka okumangalisayo kwe-Indonesia kwenza kube yindawo ebalulekile yokucwaninga ngebhayoloji yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye ne-biogeography.
Umbuzo 3:
Nikeza izibonelo zezinhlobo ezitholakala kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zoMgqa waseWallace futhi ziyini imiphumela yazo embonweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo?
Ingxoxo:
Isibonelo esisodwa sezinhlobo ezitholakala kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zoMgqa weWallace yizinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyoni kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane ezincane. Isibonelo, i-tarsier itholakala eSulawesi (empumalanga yoMgqa weWallace) kodwa hhayi eBorneo. Esinye isibonelo yidrako iKomodo, engatholakala e-East Nusa Tenggara (empumalanga yoMgqa weWallace) kodwa hhayi eziqhingini ezisentshonalanga yayo. Ukuba khona kwalezi zinhlobo ezahlukene kusekela inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, echaza indlela izinhlobo ezikhula ngayo ngendlela ehlukile ngokusekelwe ekuhlukanisweni kwendawo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nemvelo. Lezi zifundo zisiza ososayensi ukuqonda izindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nendlela izindawo ezahlukene zendawo ezithinta ngayo izinhlobo.
Isiphetho
U-Alfred Russel Wallace wenze igalelo elikhulu emkhakheni we-biogeography ngokuthola kwakhe i-Wallace Line kanye nomqondo wakhe wokusabalala kwezitshalo nezilwane emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwakhe kwe-biogeographic akusisizi nje kuphela ukuqonda ukuthi izinhlobo zezilwane zisatshalaliswa kanjani kodwa futhi kunikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngezinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo okwenza ukuhlukahluka kokuphila eMhlabeni kube okunamandla futhi okuyingqayizivele.
Ukuqonda ukusatshalaliswa kwezitshalo nezilwane kubalulekile emizamweni yokulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokulondolozwa kwazo. Ngokuqonda ukuthi izinhlobo zisakazeka futhi zivumelane kanjani nezimo, abantu bangathatha izinyathelo ezifanele zokuvikela izindawo zokuhlala zemvelo nokugcina ibhalansi yezindawo zemvelo zeplanethi.
Lesi sihloko sizama ukunikeza umbono jikelele kanye nokuqonda kokuqala kokusatshalaliswa kwezitshalo nezilwane ngokusho kukaWallace okungasetshenziswa ezimweni ezahlukene, kokubili ocwaningweni lwezinto eziphilayo, ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, kanye nemfundo yezemvelo.
