Izibonelo Zemibuzo Nezingxoxo Nge-Macromolecule Ephilayo
Ama-macromolecule e-organic angama-molecule amakhulu kakhulu futhi ayinkimbinkimbi adlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Ama-macromolecule e-organic aziwa kakhulu afaka ama-carbohydrate, amafutha, amaprotheni, nama-nucleic acid. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezinkinga eziningana eziyizibonelo kanye nengxoxo yazo mayelana nama-macromolecule e-organic.
1. Ama-carbohydrate
umbuzo 1
I-molecule ye-disaccharide yakhiwa ngama-monosaccharide amabili e-glucose. Iyini isisindo sama-molecule esihlobene (Mr) sale disaccharide uma isisindo sama-molecule se-glucose singu-180?
Ingxoxo 1
Ama-disaccharide akhiwa ngokusabela kokujiya okukhiqiza isibopho se-glycosidic kanye ne-molecule yamanzi. Isisindo sama-molecule se-molecule eyodwa ye-glucose singama-180. Ngakho-ke, ama-molecule amabili e-glucose azoba nesisindo sama-molecule esingu-:
\( 180 \, \text{u} + 180 \, \text{u} = 360 \, \text{u} \)
Kodwa-ke, enkambisweni yokwakheka kwe-disaccharide, kuzokhishwa i-molecule eyodwa yamanzi (H₂O). Isisindo sama-molecule amanzi singama-u.
Ngakho-ke, isisindo sama-molecule esihlobene (uMnu) se-disaccharide yilesi:
\( 360 \, \text{u} – 18 \, \text{u} = 342 \, \text{u} \)
Lokhu kusho ukuthi isisindo sama-molecule (Mr) se-disaccharide singama-342.
2. Ama-lipid
umbuzo 2
Ama-lipid anomsebenzi emzimbeni njengomthombo wamandla. Uma i-molecule eyodwa ye-triglyceride ikhiqiza amakhalori angu-9 wamandla ngegremu ngalinye, angakanani amandla akhiqizwa amagremu ama-5 e-triglyceride?
Ingxoxo 2
Amandla akhiqizwa yigremu elilodwa lama-triglyceride angama-calories angu-9. Ngakho-ke, amandla akhiqizwa ngamagremu ama-5 ama-triglyceride angabalwa ngokuphindaphinda inani lama-triglyceride ngamagremu ngamandla ngegremu ngalinye:
\[ \umbhalo{Amandla} = 5 \, \umbhalo{gram} \izikhathi 9 \, \umbhalo{amakhalori/igremu} \]
\[ \umbhalo{Amandla} = 45 \, \umbhalo{amakhalori} \]
Ngakho-ke, amagremu ama-5 e-triglycerides akhiqiza amakhalori angu-45 wamandla.
3. Amaprotheni
umbuzo 3
Qamba futhi uchaze amazinga amathathu esakhiwo samaprotheni akhona ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelelwe isakhiwo sesithathu.
Ingxoxo 3
Amaprotheni anesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu esingachazwa emazingeni amaningana, okungukuthi:
1. Isakhiwo Esiyinhloko
– Isakhiwo esiyinhloko ukulandelana okuqondile kwama-amino acid ngaphakathi kwe-polypeptide. Lokhu kulandelana kunquma ngqo izakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi weprotheni ephumayo.
– Isibonelo: ukulandelana kwe-amino acid i-methionine-serine-valine-alanine.
2. Isakhiwo Sesibili
– Isakhiwo sesibili yiphethini ezinzile nejwayelekile yokugoqa noma ukugoqa uchungechunge lwe-polypeptide. Lawa maphethini afaka izakhiwo ezifana ne-alpha helices (α-helices) kanye nama-beta-fold sheets (β-sheets).
– Lesi sakhiwo siqiniswa yizibopho ze-hydrogen phakathi kwama-athomu kumgogodla we-polysaccharide.
3. Isakhiwo Sezinga Eliphakeme
– Isakhiwo sesithathu ukugoqa nokugoqa okuqhubekayo kweketanga le-polypeptide elakha isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi se-tridimensional.
– Isakhiwo sesithathu siqiniswa yizinhlobo ezahlukene zokusebenzisana, okuhlanganisa izibopho ze-hydrogen, ukusebenzisana kwe-hydrophobic, amabhuloho e-disulfide, kanye nokusebenzisana kwe-ionic phakathi kwamaketanga aseceleni e-amino acid.
Uma isakhiwo sesithathu sesibunjiwe, amanye amaprotheni angakha nesakhiwo se-quaternary lapho amaketanga amaningana e-polypeptide ehlangana khona ukuze akhe isakhiwo esisodwa esisebenzayo.
4. I-Nucleic Acid
umbuzo 4
I-DNA ingawulungisa kanjani umonakalo obangelwa ukukhanya kwe-UV futhi iyini indima yama-enzyme kule nqubo?
Ingxoxo 4
Umonakalo we-DNA obangelwa ukukhanya kwe-UV uvame ukuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-dimer e-thymine, okuyizibopho ezingavamile phakathi kwezisekelo ezimbili ze-thymine eziseduze ku-DNA strand. Le nqubo yokulungisa umonakalo yenziwa ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa indlela yokulungisa i-nucleotide excision (NER).
Izigaba zokulungiswa kwe-DNA ngenxa yomonakalo we-UV yilezi:
1. Ukutholwa Komonakalo
– Ama-enzyme okuthola okukhethekile aqaphela ukuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo se-DNA okubangelwa ama-dimers e-thymine.
2. Ukususwa Komonakalo
– Ama-Endonuclease asika izingxenye ze-DNA ezizungeze indawo eyonakele, asuse izingxenye eziqukethe ama-thymine dimers.
3. Ukwenziwa kabusha kwe-DNA
– I-DNA polymerase igcwalisa igebe elakhiwe kusetshenziswa umucu ohambisanayo njengethempulethi yokuhlanganisa ingxenye entsha ye-DNA.
4. Amaligi
– I-DNA ligase ibe isihlanganisa izingcezu ze-DNA ezisanda kuhlanganiswa ne-DNA ekhona, ibuyisele ubuqotho besakhiwo se-DNA.
Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo luhlala lungashintshi futhi lungadluliselwa ngendlela efanele ngesikhathi sokuphindaphinda kwamaseli.
5. Ukuhlaziywa kwama-Macromolecule e-Organic
umbuzo 5
Ukuhlolwa kwelebhu kusebenzisa ikhambi likaBenedict ukuhlola ukuthi kukhona yini i-carbohydrate ethile. Lokhu kusebenza kanjani, futhi yimiphi imiphumela engase ibonwe uma i-carbohydrate ikhona?
Ingxoxo 5
Isixazululo sikaBenedict sisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuthi kukhona ushukela oncishisiwe, njenge-glucose ne-fructose. Ukunciphisa ushukela kuneqembu le-aldehyde noma le-ketone yamahhala elinganciphisa ama-ion ethusi(II) esixazululweni sikaBenedict kuma-ion ethusi(I). Lokhu kusabela kuveza ushintsho lombala olungabonakala ngokubona.
Izinqubo nemiphumela engabonakala esivivinyweni sikaBenedict yile:
1. Ukwengeza Isixazululo SikaBenedict
– Isixazululo esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sikaBenedict singezwa esixazululweni sesampula yama-carbohydrate bese ingxube iyashiswa.
2. Ukushintsha Kombala
– Uma ushukela oncishisiwe ukhona, ikhambi lizoshintsha umbala kusuka koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuya koluhlaza okotshani, ophuzi, owolintshi, noma obomvu ngezitini, kuye ngokuthi ushukela oncishisiwe ungakanani.
– Umbala oluhlaza ubonisa ukuhlushwa okuphansi koshukela okunciphisayo.
– Umbala obomvu wezitini ubonisa ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kokunciphisa ushukela.
Lokhu kusabela kuvumela ukutholakala okulula nokuqondile kokunciphisa ushukela kumasampula ebhayoloji.
Isiphetho
Ama-macromolecule e-organic afana nama-carbohydrate, amafutha, amaprotheni, nama-nucleic acid adlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlelweni eziphilayo. Ukuqonda isakhiwo sawo, umsebenzi wawo, nokuthi ungawahlaziya kanjani futhi uwalungise kubalulekile emikhakheni eyahlukene yesayensi, ikakhulukazi i-biology kanye ne-biochemistry. Izibonelo nezingxoxo ezingenhla kulindeleke ukuthi zinikeze ukuqonda okujulile kwama-macromolecule e-organic kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
