Imibuzo Yezibonelo kanye Nengxoxo Yokuhlukaniswa Kwe-Hydrocarbon
Ama-hydrocarbon ayizinto eziphilayo ezakhiwe yizakhi i-carbon (C) ne-hydrogen (H). Lawa ma-compound angahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe esakhiweni sawo kanye nezinhlobo zezibopho eziqukethe. Ngokuvamile, ama-hydrocarbon ahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili ezibanzi: ama-hydrocarbon aliphatic kanye nama-hydrocarbon anuka kamnandi. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezinkinga eziningana zezibonelo kanye nezingxoxo zazo ezihlobene nokuhlukaniswa kwama-hydrocarbon.
1. Ama-hydrocarbon ahlanganisiwe
Ama-hydrocarbon e-Aliphatic angama-hydrocarbon angenawo ama-benzene rings noma amanye ama-aromatic rings. Ama-hydrocarbon e-Aliphatic ngokwawo angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu:
a. I-Alkan
Ama-alkanes angama-hydrocarbon agcwele aqukethe izibopho ezilodwa phakathi kwama-athomu e-carbon. Ifomula evamile yama-alkanes yi-CnH2n+2.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 1:
Bhala ifomula yamakhemikhali kanye negama le-alkane enama-athomu ama-5 ekhabhoni.
Ingxoxo:
Ku-alkane enama-athomu e-carbon angu-5 (n=5), ifomula yamakhemikhali yi-C5H12. Kusetshenziswa imithetho yokuqamba i-IUPAC, le nhlanganisela ibizwa ngokuthi i-Pentane.
b. Alken
Ama-Alkenes angama-hydrocarbon angagcwele aqukethe isibopho esisodwa noma ngaphezulu esiphindwe kabili (C=C) phakathi kwama-athomu e-carbon. Ifomula yawo evamile yi-CnH2n.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 2:
Bhala ifomula yamakhemikhali kanye negama le-alkene enama-athomu amathathu ekhabhoni.
Ingxoxo:
Kwi-alkene enama-athomu e-carbon amathathu (n=3), ifomula yamakhemikhali yi-C3H6. Le nhlanganisela yaziwa ngokuthi i-propene.
c. Ama-Alkynes
Ama-Alkyne angama-hydrocarbon angagcwele aqukethe isibopho esisodwa noma ngaphezulu esiphindwe kathathu (C≡C) phakathi kwama-athomu e-carbon. Ifomula yawo evamile yi-CnH2n-2.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 3:
Bhala ifomula yamakhemikhali kanye negama le-alkyne enama-athomu ama-4 ekhabhoni.
Ingxoxo:
Kwi-alkyne enama-athomu e-carbon angu-4 (n=4), ifomula yamakhemikhali yi-C4H6. Le nhlanganisela yaziwa ngokuthi i-Butyne.
2. Ama-Hydrocarbon Anuka Kahle
Ama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi angama-hydrocarbon aqukethe indandatho eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ze-benzene esakhiweni sawo. I-Benzene iyinhlanganisela ebaluleke kakhulu kumakhemikhali e-organic futhi inefomula yamakhemikhali i-C6H6.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 4:
Chaza ukuthi kungani i-benzene ifakiwe esigabeni se-aromatic hydrocarbon bese unikeza izibonelo ezithile.
Ingxoxo:
I-Benzene ihlukaniswa njenge-aromatic hydrocarbon ngoba inesakhiwo sendandatho esilula nesizinzile kakhulu, esinezibopho ze-π ezisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo nxazonke kwendandatho yekhabhoni. Lokhu kunikeza i-benzene ukuzinza okukhulu kune-aliphatic hydrocarbons. Izibonelo zama-aromatic hydrocarbon ngaphandle kwe-benzene zifaka phakathi i-toluene (methylbenzene), i-xylene (dimethylbenzene), kanye ne-naphthalene (izindandatho ezimbili ze-benzene ezihlanganiswe ndawonye).
3. Ama-Isomers nama-Stereoisomers
Ama-Isomer ayizinhlanganisela ezinefomula yama-molecule efanayo kodwa izakhiwo ezahlukene. Ama-Stereoisomers uhlobo lwe-isomer lapho ama-athomu ku-molecule ehlelwe ngokulandelana okufanayo kodwa ahluke ngokuma okunezinhlangothi ezintathu.
a. Ama-Isomers Esakhiwo
Ama-isomer esakhiwo yi-isomer ahluke ngendlela ama-athomu awo ahlelwe ngayo ngamaketanga noma amasongo ekhabhoni.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 5:
Nikeza ama-isomer amabili esakhiwo se-C4H10.
Ingxoxo:
Ama-isomer amabili esakhiwo se-C4H10 yile:
1. i-n-Butane (uchungechunge oluqondile): CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. I-Isobutane (uchungechunge olunegatsha): (CH3)2CH-CH3
b. Ama-Stereoisomers eJiyomethri
I-geometric stereoisomerism (i-cis-trans isomerism) yenzeka kuma-alkenes noma kuma-compounds anezibopho eziphindwe kabili ezingajikelezi ngokukhululeka.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 6:
Nikeza isibonelo se-stereoisomer yejometri ye-2-butene.
Ingxoxo:
Ku-2-butene (C4H8), kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-stereoisomers:
1. i-cis-2-butene, lapho ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen ehlangothini olufanayo lwesibopho esiphindwe kabili.
2. i-trans-2-butene, lapho ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen ezinhlangothini eziphambene zesibopho esiphindwe kabili.
4. Ama-Cyclo-Hydrocarbon
Ama-cyclo-hydrocarbon angama-hydrocarbon akha isakhiwo sendandatho ngaphandle kwezibopho ezengeziwe ezimbili ngaphandle kwalezo ezidingekayo ukwakha indandatho.
a. I-Cycloalkane
Ama-cycloalkanes angama-hydrocarbon agcwele ajikelezayo anefomula ejwayelekile i-CnH2n.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 7:
Bhala ifomula yamakhemikhali kanye negama le-cycloalkane enama-athomu e-carbon ayi-6.
Ingxoxo:
Kwi-cycloalkane enama-athomu e-carbon angu-6 (n=6), ifomula yamakhemikhali yi-C6H12. Le nhlanganisela yaziwa ngokuthi i-cyclohexane.
b. Ama-cycloalkenes
Ama-cycloalkenes angama-hydrocarbon angagcwele ajikelezayo aqukethe izibopho ezimbili eringini.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 8:
Bhala ifomula yamakhemikhali kanye negama le-cycloalkene enama-athomu ama-5 ekhabhoni.
Ingxoxo:
Kwi-cycloalkene enama-athomu e-carbon angu-5 (n=5), ifomula yamakhemikhali yi-C5H8. Le nhlanganisela yaziwa ngokuthi i-cyclopentene.
Isiphetho
Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwama-hydrocarbon kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-isomers kubalulekile kumakhemikhali e-organic. Ama-hydrocarbon angahlukaniswa abe ama-hydrocarbon aliphatic (ama-alkanes, ama-alkenes, ama-alkynes) kanye nama-hydrocarbon aromatic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo we-isomerism, kokubili isakhiwo kanye ne-stereoisomerism, ubalulekile ekuqondeni amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene e-organic. Ngokusebenzisa izibonelo nezingxoxo ezinikeziwe, kunethemba lokuthi kuzovela ukuqonda okujulile kwalokhu okubalulekile.
Ngokuqonda kahle ukuhlukaniswa kanye nezakhiwo zohlobo ngalunye lwe-hydrocarbon, singaziqonda kangcono izinhlelo zokusebenza kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali okubandakanya lawa ma-compound empilweni yansuku zonke kanye nasembonini yamakhemikhali.
