Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Exoxa Ngezakhi Eziningana Ezibalulekile Ze-Organic Nezinzuzo Zazo
I-Pendahuluan
Amakhemikhali e-organic ayisici esibalulekile se-chemistry yokuphila. Lawa makhemikhali ngokuvamile aqukethe ikhabhoni esakhiweni sawo sama-molecule futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngamakhemikhali amaningana abalulekile e-organic, aphelele ngezinkinga zezibonelo kanye nezingxoxo ukuze kuqondwe kangcono izinzuzo zawo.
Izinhlanganisela Ezibalulekile Zezinto Eziphilayo
1. Ama-carbohydrate
Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi
Ama-carbohydrate ayizinto eziphilayo eziqukethe ikhabhoni, i-hydrogen, kanye nomoya-mpilo, ngokuvamile ngesilinganiso esingu-2:1. Asebenza njengomthombo wamandla oyinhloko womzimba. Izibonelo zama-carbohydrate zifaka phakathi i-glucose, i-fructose, kanye ne-sucrose.
Isibonelo sezinkinga
Umbuzo:
Bala inani le-ATP elikhiqizwa kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-metabolism ye-molecule eyodwa ye-glucose ngokuphefumula okuphelele kweseli.
Ingxoxo:
Ukuphefumula kwamaseli kuqukethe:
– I-Glycolysis: ikhiqiza ama-ATP amabili.
– Umjikelezo weKrebs (Umjikelezo we-Citric Acid): i-molecule ngayinye ye-glucose ikhiqiza i-ATP engu-2 ngemijikelezo emibili.
– Uchungechunge Lokuthutha Ama-Electron kanye ne-Oxidative Phosphorylation: kukhiqiza cishe i-34 ATP.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-ATP okuphelele kusuka ku-molecule eyodwa ye-glucose yilokhu:
2 (i-Glycolysis) + 2 (i-Krebs Cycle) + 34 (i-Electron Transport Chain) = 38 ATP.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi inqubo yokuthutha i-NADH isuka ku-cytoplasm iye ku-mitochondria idinga amandla, ngokuvamile cishe ama-ATP angu-36 kuphela akhiqizwa kusuka ku-molecule eyodwa ye-glucose.
2. Ama-lipid
Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi
Ama-lipid afaka amafutha, amafutha, ama-phospholipid, nama-steroid. Asebenza njengezindawo zokugcina amandla, izingxenye zesakhiwo se-membrane yamaseli, kanye nezimpawu zama-hormone.
Isibonelo sezinkinga
Umbuzo:
Mangaki amandla akhishwa yi-oxidation ye-molecule eyodwa ye-stearic acid (C18H36O2) ekuphefumuleni kwamaseli?
Ingxoxo:
Ama-lipid akhiqiza amandla amaningi kunama-carbohydrate. Isibonelo, ukushiswa kwe-molecule eyodwa ye-stearic acid nge-β-oxidation kanye nomjikelezo we-Krebs kukhiqiza inani elikhulu le-ATP:
– I-molecule ngayinye ye-stearic acid ikhiqiza ama-molecule ayi-9 e-acetyl-CoA.
– I-acetyl-CoA ngayinye ikhiqiza i-ATP eyi-10 emjikelezweni we-Krebs.
– I-ATP iyonke evela ekufakweni kwe-oxidation ephelele ye-stearic acid icishe ibe yi-120 ATP.
3. Amaprotheni
Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi
Amaprotheni akhiwa ama-amino acid asebenza cishe kuzo zonke izinqubo zebhayoloji. Asebenza njengama-enzyme, ama-hormone, kanye nezakhiwo zamaseli. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-enzyme i-amylase kanye ne-hormone i-insulin.
Isibonelo sezinkinga
Umbuzo:
Yisho futhi uchaze indima yama-enzyme ekwakhiweni kwamaprotheni.
Ingxoxo:
– I-RNA Polymerase: Le enzyme ihlanganisa i-mRNA kusuka kuthempulethi ye-DNA ngesikhathi sokubhalwa.
– Ama-Ribosome: Lawa ma-complexes e-protein-RNA yizindawo lapho i-mRNA ihunyushwa khona ibe yi-polypeptide chains.
– i-tRNA Synthetase: Le enzyme ivuselela ukubopha kwama-amino acid ku-tRNA efanele.
– I-Peptidyl Transferase: Ingxenye ye-ribosome ekhuthaza ukwakheka kwezibopho ze-peptide phakathi kwama-amino acid ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa.
4. Ama-Nucleotide
Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi
Ama-Nucleotide angama-monomer akha ama-nucleic acid (i-DNA ne-RNA). Abalulekile ekugcineni nasekudluliseni ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo nasekuhlinzekeni ngamandla (isib. i-ATP).
Isibonelo sezinkinga
Umbuzo:
Chaza inqubo yokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kumaseli e-prokaryotic.
Ingxoxo:
Ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA inqubo yokuphinda i-DNA ibe ama-molecule amabili afanayo.
1. Ukukhululeka (Ukuvulwa kweHelix): I-enzyme ye-helicase iphula izibopho ze-hydrogen phakathi kwama-nucleotide, ihlukanise imicu emibili ye-DNA.
2. Ukuhlanganiswa Kwe-Primer (Ukuhlanganiswa Okuyinhloko): Ama-primer e-RNA akhiwa yi-primase.
3. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-DNA (Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-DNA): I-DNA polymerase inezela ama-nucleotide amasha kuthempulethi ye-DNA ngokuya ngokubhanqa kwayo okuyisisekelo okuhambisanayo.
4. Ukubopha kanye nokulungisa: I-enzyme ye-ligase ixhumanisa izingcezu ze-Okazaki entanjeni engemuva, bese i-DNA polymerase ihlola futhi ilungise amaphutha.
5. Ivithamini
Incazelo kanye nomsebenzi
Amavithamini ayizinto eziphilayo ezidingekayo ngamanani amancane kodwa abalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle komzimba. Asebenza njengama-coenzyme (isb., amavithamini e-B-complex), ama-antioxidants (amavithamini C no-E), kanye nabalawuli be-metabolic (ivithamini D).
Isibonelo sezinkinga
Umbuzo:
Iyini indima yeVithamini C emzimbeni womuntu futhi iyini imiphumela yokuntuleka kwayo?
Ingxoxo:
– Indima yeVithamini C: Isebenza njenge-antioxidant, iyasiza ekwakhiweni kwe-collagen, ikhulisa ukumuncwa kwensimbi, futhi ithuthukisa amasosha omzimba.
– Imiphumela Yokuntuleka: Ukuntuleka kwevithamini C kungabangela i-scurvy, ebonakala ngokukhathala, ubuhlungu bemisipha namalunga, ukopha kwezinsini, i-anemia, kanye nokuphola kancane kwezilonda.
Isiphetho
Amakhemikhali e-organic afana nama-carbohydrate, amafutha, amaprotheni, ama-nucleotide, namavithamini ayizingxenye ezibalulekile ezinqubweni ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Ukuqonda umsebenzi nezinzuzo zamakhemikhali ngayinye kubalulekile empilweni nakwezokwelapha. Izibonelo zezinkinga kulesi sihloko zinikeza ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi la makhemikhali asebenza kanjani kanye nokubaluleka kwawo ekugcineni ukusinda kwezinto eziphilayo.
Lesi sihloko kulindeleke ukuthi sisize abafundi baqonde imiqondo eyisisekelo yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene abalulekile e-organic kanye nezinzuzo zawo, kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhono labo lokuhlaziya nokuxazulula izinkinga ezihlobene emikhakheni ye-biochemistry kanye nokuphila.
