I-Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis ku-Anthropology Yezilimi
I-Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ingenye yemibono enethonya kakhulu futhi ephikiswana ngayo ku-anthropology yezilimi. Kalula nje, le mbono ithi ulimi aluyona nje ithuluzi lokudlulisa imicabango, kodwa futhi lusiza ekwakheni indlela abantu ababuka ngayo umhlaba, bahlukanise okuhlangenwe nakho, futhi bahumushe amaqiniso ezenhlalo namasiko. Esifundweni se-anthropology yezilimi - insimu ehlola ubudlelwano obuhambisanayo phakathi kolimi, isiko, kanye nemikhuba yezenhlalo - i-Sapir-Whorf hypothesis iyindawo ebalulekile yokuqonda ukuthi umehluko olimini ungahlobana kanjani nomehluko ezindleleni zokucabanga.
Ingemuva kanye nabalingiswa abayinhloko
Lo mbono uhlotshaniswa nabantu ababili, u-Edward Sapir noBenjamin Lee Whorf. USapir wayengusosayensi wezilimi kanye nesazi semvelaphi yabantu owagcizelela ukuthi ulimi luyingxenye yesiko, hhayi nje uhlelo lwezimpawu olungathathi hlangothi. Wabona ukuthi ulimi lubumba imikhuba yokucabanga futhi luhlinzeka ngohlaka lokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu. Umfundi wakhe, uWhorf, wathuthukisa lo mbono ngokwengeziwe ngezifundo zezilimi zomdabu zaseNyakatho Melika, ikakhulukazi iHopi. UWhorf wayenesithakazelo endleleni izakhiwo zohlelo lolimi kanye nesilulumagama ezingakhuthaza ngayo izikhulumi ukuba zinake izici ezithile zeqiniso.
Nakuba ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi "i-Sapir-Whorf hypothesis," laba bantu ababili abazange bayibhale njengethiyori eyodwa, ejwayelekile. Leli gama lavela kamuva ukuze lifingqe imibono ehlukahlukene mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kolimi nomcabango owavela emsebenzini wabo.
Izinguqulo ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-linguistic determinism kanye ne-relativity
Engxoxweni ethandwayo, i-Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ivame ukuqondwa ngezindlela ezimbili: inguqulo eqinile kanye nenguqulo ebuthakathaka.
1. Ukuzinqumela kolimi (inguqulo eqinile)
Le nguqulo ithi ulimi lunquma umcabango. Okusho ukuthi, imikhawulo yolimi iyimingcele yendlela esicabanga ngayo; abantu abakwazi ukucabanga ngemiqondo ethile uma ulimi lwabo lungenayo. Lo mbono uphikisana kakhulu futhi ugxekwe kakhulu ngokwenza amakhono okuqonda abantu abe lula kakhulu.
2. Ukuhlobana kolimi (inguqulo ebuthakathaka)
Le nguqulo yamukelwa kabanzi ezifundweni zanamuhla. Empeleni, ulimi luthonya ukucabanga, ukunaka, kanye nenkumbulo—alukunqumi ngokuphelele. Ulimi lunikeza izithasiselo ezithile zokuhlukanisa okuhlangenwe nakho ngezigaba, ngakho-ke abalukhulumayo bangase baqaphele ezinye izici kunezinye.
I-anthropology yezilimi yanamuhla ivame ukubeka lo mbono enguqulweni ehlobene, igcizelela ukuthi ulimi lusebenzisana nezinye izici ezifana nesimo senhlalo, imikhuba yamasiko, imfundo, kanye nezimo zokuxhumana.
Ulimi njengohlelo lokuhlukanisa amasiko
Enye yeminikelo ebalulekile ye-Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ukugcizelela kwayo iqiniso lokuthi ulimi luyisimiso sokuhlukanisa ngezigaba. Ulimi ngalunye lunendlela yalo yokuhlukanisa umhlaba ngezigaba ezinengqondo. Lezi zigaba azihlali zihambisana kuzo zonke izizinda. Isibonelo, ezinye izilimi zihlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo zobudlelwano bobuhlobo ngokunembe kakhulu kunezinye. Ezinye izilimi zinamagama ahlukene athi “umalume kamama” kanye “nomalume kamama,” kanti ezinye ziwahlanganisa abe igama elilodwa, “umalume.” Lokhu kwehluka akuyona nje indaba yamagama; kuhlobene nendlela ubudlelwano bezenhlalo obuhlelwe ngayo, obukhunjulwa ngayo, futhi obubhekwa njengobubalulekile.
Ku -anthropology yezilimi , izinhlelo zobudlelwano, amagama esimo senhlalo, izihlonipho, ngisho nokubonakaliswa kwemizwelo kuvame ukuhlolwa njengezindlela zokungena emazingeni amasiko. I-Sapir-Whorf hypothesis iyasiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani isilulumagama solimi sithuthukisa ukuceba ezizindeni ezithile: ngoba lezo zindaweni zibalulekile empilweni yomphakathi womphakathi walo okhulumayo.
Izibonelo ezivame ukuxoxwa ngazo
Izibonelo eziningana zakudala zivame ukuvela ezingxoxweni ze-Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezinye zezibonelo ezidumile zenziwe lula kwabezindaba jikelele.
Okokuqala, kunesimo sezilimi ezinezinhlelo ezahlukene zokuqanjwa kwemibala. Uma ulimi luhlukanisa izigaba eziningi zemibala, izikhulumi zalo zingase zisheshe zibone umehluko othile wemibala. Lokhu akusho ukuthi izikhulumi zezinye izilimi "aziboni umbala," kodwa ukunaka kanye nokulebula kungathinta isivinini sokucubungula kanye nokuhlanganisa.
Okwesibili, ucwaningo lukaWhorf ngolimi lwesiHopi luvame ukucashunwa njengoluhlobene nomqondo wesikhathi. UWhorf wathi uHopi akaphathi isikhathi njengochungechunge lwezinto "ezibalayo", njengasezilimini zaseYurophu, kodwa kunalokho njengenqubo noma isenzakalo. Lesi simangalo sivuse impikiswano nokulungiswa okuningi, kodwa ingxoxo iye yathuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi izigaba zohlelo lolimi zingayibumba kanjani imikhuba yolimi nokuthi silandisa kanjani okuhlangenwe nakho.
Okwesithathu, ezinye izilimi zinezinhlelo zohlelo lolimi ezidinga izikhulumi ukuthi zisho ulwazi oluthile, njengomthombo wolwazi (ubuqiniso): kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isikhulumi sizibonele sona, sazizwa komunye umuntu, noma saziqagela. Uma ulimi ludinga izikhulumi ukuthi zibonise umthombo wolwazi, izikhulumi zingaqeqeshwa kangcono ukuthi zinake imvelaphi yolwazi engxoxweni yansuku zonke. Ngokombono wezilimi we- anthropology , lokhu kuhambisana nemikhuba yezenhlalo njengokuthi ungasungula kanjani ukwethembeka, igunya, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wezitatimende.
Ukugxekwa kanye nentuthuko yesayensi
I-Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, ikakhulukazi inguqulo eqinile ye-determinist, ibhekane nokugxekwa okukhulu. Abagxeki bathi abantu basakwazi ukuqonda imiqondo emisha ngokuchaza, ukufanekisa, ukufunda, noma amagama okuboleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulimi lushintshashintsha: izikhulumi zingakha amagama amasha noma zisebenzise amadala ngezincazelo ezintsha.
Ucwaningo lwe-cognitive psychology kanye ne-neuroscience luphinde lusikisele ukuthi ezinye izici zokuqonda kanye nokuqonda zinezisekelo ezibanzi, njengekhono eliyisisekelo lokuhlukanisa imibala noma ukuqaphela amaphethini. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwezilimi ezahlukene luthole nokuthi ulimi lungathonya izinqubo ezithile zokuqonda, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini ehilela ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba, inkumbulo yamazwi, kanye nokunaka. Ngakho-ke, izingxoxo zanamuhla zivame ukufuna indawo ephakathi: kunezici ezibanzi ekuqondeni komuntu, kodwa ulimi lufaka isandla ekwakheni imikhuba yokucabanga ngezindlela ezicashile nezinomongo.
Indima ku -anthropology yezilimi zanamuhla
Ku -anthropology yezilimi yanamuhla , i-Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ayixoxwa nje kuphela njengobudlelwano "bolimi → umcabango", kodwa njengengxenye ye-ecology ebanzi yezenhlalo. Ulimi luqondwa njengomkhuba, hhayi nje isakhiwo. Indlela abantu abakhuluma ngayo, abakhetha ngayo amagama, abasebenzisa ngayo amarejista asemthethweni/angakahleleki, noma abakha ngayo izindaba ithonywa yimikhuba yezenhlalo . Ngakho-ke, ithonya lolimi ezindleleni zokucabanga alizimele lodwa, kodwa lixhumene nezikhungo, amandla, imfundo, kanye nemibono yolimi.
Isibonelo, emphakathini okhuluma izilimi eziningi, abantu bangashintshashintsha izilimi ezahlukene kuye ngesimo. Lokhu kushintsha akugcini nje ngolimi, kodwa futhi nangobunikazi: lapho umuntu efuna ukubonisa ukusondelana, lapho efuna ukubonisa inhlonipho, noma lapho efuna ukuzwakala “njengohlelekile.” Kulesi simo, umbuzo we-Sapir-Whorf uyakhula: hhayi nje “ulimi oluthonya umcabango,” kodwa “yimiphi imikhuba yolimi ebumba ulwazi lomphakathi kanye nobunikazi.”
Isiphetho
I-Sapir-Whorf hypothesis isalokhu ingumqondo obalulekile ku -anthropology yezilimi ngoba iqokomisa ukuthi ulimi luhlobene kakhulu namasiko nokuthi abantu baqonda kanjani umhlaba. Nakuba i-determinism yayo eqinile iye yalahlwa kabanzi, izinhlobo zayo ezilinganiselwe zokuhlobana kwezilimi zisasebenza: izakhiwo zolimi kanye nemikhuba yolimi kungathonya ukunaka, ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba, kanye nokuchazwa kokuhlangenwe nakho. Ekugcineni, inani eliyinhloko lale mbono alikho esimangalweni salo esibi sokuthi ulimi “lubopha” umcabango, kodwa ekukhuthazeni kwalo ukubuka ulimi njengengxenye esebenzayo yokuphila komphakathi—ilensi ebumba futhi ibunjwa yiqiniso lamasiko abantu.
