Ucwaningo Lwesintu Lwezinkambiso Nemithetho Yesiko
I-Pendahuluan
I-Anthropology igatsha lesayensi yezenhlalo elifunda abantu nezici zesiko labo, njengolimi, amasiko, izinkolelo, kanye nobuciko. Esinye isici esibalulekile esifundwa ku-anthropology yizimiso nemithetho yendabuko esebenza emphakathini. Lezi zimiso nemithetho yendabuko zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni, ekulawuleni, nasekulawuleni ukuziphatha kwabantu ngabanye namaqembu ngaphakathi kwesiko elithile. Ucwaningo lwe-anthropology ngezimiso nemithetho yendabuko luhlose ukuthola ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi imiphakathi izihlela kanjani nokuthi ukuxhumana komphakathi kwakhiwa futhi kugcinwe kanjani.
Ukuqonda Imikhuba kanye Nomthetho Wesiko
Norma
Izimiso ziyimithetho noma izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezilindelekile eqenjini noma emphakathini. Izimiso zisebenza ukulinganisela ukuxhumana komphakathi nokunciphisa ukungqubuzana emphakathini. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezimiso: ezisemthethweni nezingekho emthethweni. Izimiso ezisemthethweni zifaka imithetho ebhaliwe nebhalwe phansi, njengemithetho noma imithetho kahulumeni. Okwamanje, izimiso ezingasemthethweni zihlanganisa imithetho engabhalwanga, njengamasiko, ukuziphatha, kanye nezindinganiso zamasiko.
Umthetho wesintu
Umthetho wesintu uyiqoqo lemithetho evunyelwene ngayo ndawonye ngumphakathi othile futhi eyamukelwa njengendlela yokulawula izenzo nobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye kulowo mphakathi. Umthetho wesintu awubhaliwe njengomthetho osemthethweni, kodwa unamandla afanayo okuthonya nokulawula ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye. Ezifundeni ezahlukene zase-Indonesia, umthetho wesintu usetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene, isibonelo ekuxazululeni izingxabano zomhlaba, amasiko omshado, imikhosi yenkolo, njalo njalo.
Imisebenzi Yezinkambiso Nomthetho Wesiko
Izilungiselelo Zomphakathi
Imithetho nemikhuba yendabuko isebenza njengamathuluzi okulawula nokulawula ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye emphakathini. Ukuba khona kwemithetho eyamukelwa yibo bobabili kusiza ekudaleni ukuhleleka komphakathi okuhlelekile nokuvumelanayo. Isibonelo, emphakathini wabomdabu baseMinangkabau, imikhuba yomshado ilawula ukusatshalaliswa kwengcebo namandla ngozalo lukamama, igcina ibhalansi yezenhlalo nezomnotho emphakathini.
Umlawuli Wezenhlalo
Ngaphezu kokulawula ukuziphatha, imikhuba nemithetho yendabuko nayo isebenza njengezindlela zokulawula umphakathi. Uma umuntu ephula umthetho noma umthetho wendabuko, umphakathi unezindlela ezithile zokusingatha ukwephulwa komthetho, njengokujeziswa komphakathi noma imikhosi yendabuko . Lokhu kulawulwa komphakathi kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu balandela imithetho evunyelwene ngayo.
Ukwakheka kobunikazi
Imithetho nemikhuba yendabuko nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni ubuwena beqembu . Amasiko nemithetho ehlukile emphakathini inikeza izici ezihlukile futhi iqinisa umuzwa wobunye kanye nobuwena obuhlangene. Isibonelo, umkhosi wamaNgaben eBali awugcini nje ngokuhlonipha okhokho kodwa futhi uqinisa ubuwena bamasiko abantu baseBalinese.
Umthetho Wesiko Ezifundeni Ezihlukahlukene
I-West Sumatra (iMinangkabau)
Esifundeni saseMinangkabau, imithetho nemigomo yendabuko izuzwa njengefa ngokusekelwe esimisweni esithi "Adat Basandi Syara', Syara' Basandi Kitabullah" (Ngokusekelwe Ngokwesiko kuSharia, Sharia Ngokusekelwe Encwadini Ka-Allah). Esinye isici esibalulekile somthetho wendabuko waseMinangkabau uhlelo lokwahlukaniswa komndeni, lapho uhlu lozalo kanye nobunikazi bomhlaba kudluliselwa khona ohlangothini lukamama. Lokhu kuthinta isakhiwo sezenhlalo nezomnotho somphakathi waseMinangkabau, lapho abesifazane bedlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yomndeni kanye nomphakathi.
Bali
EBali, umthetho wesintu waziwa ngokuthi "desa adat" noma "desa pakraman," onegunya lokulawula izici ezahlukene zokuphila komphakathi, njengemikhosi yendabuko, ukwabiwa komhlaba, kanye nokuxazulula izingxabano. Umthetho wesintu eBali uhlobene kakhulu nobuHindu baseBalinese, ngakho-ke imithetho eminingi yesintu isekelwe ezimfundisweni zale nkolo. Isibonelo esisodwa esiqinile umkhosi weNgaben, isiko lokushiswa kwesidumbu eliyingxenye ebalulekile yomjikelezo wempilo yaseBalinese.
I-Papua
EPapua, umthetho wendabuko uyahlukahluka kuye ngesizwe, kodwa usadlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni impilo yomphakathi. Isibonelo, izingxabano zomhlaba zivame ukuxazululwa ngokuxoxisana ngokwesiko. Umthetho wendabuko ePapua uhlobene kakhulu nezinkolelo zendabuko kanye namasiko enkolo adluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
Uguquko kanye Nezinselele Enkathini Yanamuhla
Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwesimanje
Ukwenziwa kwezwe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuqhubekeni kwemikhuba nemithetho yendabuko emiphakathini eyahlukene. Le miphumela ingaba mihle futhi ibe mibi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwenziwa kwesimanje kungaletha izinguquko ezisheshisa intuthuko yezomnotho kanye nezobuchwepheshe yemiphakathi yomdabu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwenziwa kwezwe kungasongela nemikhuba nemithetho yendabuko ebhekwa njengephelelwe yisikhathi noma engasabalulekile ezintuthukweni zamanje.
Ukungenelela Kukahulumeni
Ukungenelela kukahulumeni, kungaba ngesimo somthetho noma inqubomgomo, nakho kunomthelela omkhulu emithethweni yendabuko kanye nemigomo. Ezinye izindlela zokungenelela zingaqinisa imithetho yendabuko, njengokuqaphela amalungelo omhlaba wendabuko noma ukusekela ukulondolozwa kwamasiko endabuko . Kodwa-ke, kukhona futhi izindlela zokungenelela ezingase ziphazamise noma zishintshe lezi zakhiwo zendabuko, njengemithethonqubo ehlulekayo ukunaka ukuhlakanipha kwendawo.
Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Nokuqina
Naphezu kokubhekana nezinselele ezahlukahlukene, imiphakathi eminingi yendabuko ikwazile ukuzivumelanisa nezikhathi ezishintshayo ngenkathi igcina izindinganiso eziyinhloko zemithetho nezindinganiso zayo zendabuko. Lezi zinguquko zivame ukwenziwa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yingqikithi noma incazelo eyisisekelo yalawo masiko. Isibonelo, eminye imiphakathi yendabuko ihlanganise ubuchwepheshe besimanje emikhosini yendabuko noma ezindleleni zokuxazulula izingxabano.
Isiphetho
Ucwaningo lwendabuko lwemikhuba nemithetho yendabuko lubalulekile ekuqondeni ukwehlukahlukana kwamasiko ase-Indonesia. Imikhuba nemithetho yendabuko ayisebenzi nje kuphela njengabalawuli bezenhlalo nabalawuli, kodwa futhi njengezinto ezinquma ubuwena kanye nokuhlanganisa imiphakathi. Esikhathini somhlaba wonke kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje, kuvela izinselele ezintsha zokusimama kwemikhuba nemithetho yendabuko, kodwa imiphakathi yendabuko eqinile iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nalezi zinguquko ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yimvelo yayo yamasiko.
Ngendlela yokufunda ngemvelaphi yabantu, singathola ukuqonda okujulile kobunzima kanye nokuhlukile kwemikhuba nemithetho yendabuko ezifundeni ezahlukene. Ukuhlonipha ukuhlakanipha kwendawo, ukulondolozwa kwamasiko, kanye nokuqashelwa kwamalungelo emiphakathi yendabuko kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukwehlukahlukana kwamasiko esizwe kanye nokuceba kwawo.
