Imithetho Yolimi Nezenhlalo
Ulimi lungenye yezimpawu ezisobala kakhulu zokuphila komuntu njengezidalwa zomphakathi. Ngolimi, abantu abagcini nje ngokudlulisa ulwazi kodwa futhi bakhe ubudlelwano, baxoxisane ngobunikazi, babonise izimo zengqondo, futhi balawule ibanga lomphakathi. Kuyo yonke ingxoxo, ukukhethwa kwamagama, iphimbo, ngisho nendlela umuntu abheka ngayo omunye umuntu ngokuvamile kunencazelo enkulu kunokuqukethwe komusho ngokwawo. Yilapho ulimi luhlangabezana khona nezindinganiso zomphakathi: isethi yemithetho engabhalwanga eqondisa indlela umuntu okufanele aziphathe ngayo emphakathini.
Ulimi njengesibuko kanye nokwakheka kwezindinganiso
Imikhuba yezenhlalo iqukethe amasiko, izindinganiso, kanye nokulindela okuhlanganyelwe okukhona emphakathini. Imikhuba iqondisa abantu ukuze izenzo zabo zivumelane nesithakazelo esihlangene: inhlonipho, ukuziphatha okuhle, inhlonipho ngabantu abadala, ngisho nemingcele mayelana nalokho okubhekwa njengokufanelekile nokungafanele ukukhulunywa. Ulimi ludlala indima ekabili ezimisweni. Okokuqala, ulimi lusebenza njengesibuko semikhuba ngoba indlela abantu abakhuluma ngayo ibonisa izindinganiso abazigcinayo. Okwesibili, ulimi luphinde lube negalelo ekwakheni imikhuba ngoba amaphethini okukhuluma aphindaphindwayo aba imikhuba yezenhlalo ekugcineni ebhekwa njenge "evamile."
Isibonelo, ukubingelela umuntu lapho uhlangana noma uqala ingxoxo akuyona nje into evamile, kodwa kunalokho kuwuphawu lokuvuma ukuthi omunye umuntu ukhona. Emasikweni amaningi ase-Indonesia, ukwehluleka ukubingelela umuntu kungabhekwa njengokungakhathali, ukuzikhukhumeza, noma ukungamhloniphi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi imikhuba yomphakathi igxile olimini, ngisho nasentweni elula njengokubingelela.
Inhlonipho kanye nobuholi bezenhlalo
Esinye sezixhumanisi eziqine kakhulu phakathi kolimi nezindinganiso zomphakathi sibonakala emqondweni wenhlonipho. Inhlonipho isu lokugcina imizwa, isithunzi, kanye nenduduzo yomuntu okhuluma naye. Ezindaweni ezihlonipha isikhundla—ngokusekelwe eminyakeni, isikhundla, noma isimo senhlalo—inhlonipho iba ithuluzi lokubonisa inhlonipho.
E-Indonesia, inhlonipho ivame ukubonakaliswa ngokukhetha ikheli, njengokuthi “Mnumzane/Madam,” “Mas/Mbak,” “Sis,” “Mnu. RT,” noma “Nkk. Dokotela.” Laba bantu abazokhuluma nabo babonisa isikhundla emphakathini kanye nebanga lobuhlobo. Imiyalelo ivame ukuthanjiswa ibe yizicelo: esikhundleni sokuthi “Vala umnyango,” ivame ukuthanjiswa ibe “Ungangivalela umnyango?” noma “Uxolo, ngingawuvala umnyango?” Inqubo evamile lapha iwukuhlonipha ukuzimela kwabanye: lapho ibanga noma umehluko wesimo emphakathini ukhula, kulapho isidingo sokuthambisa inkulumo siba sikhulu khona.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ulimi lungagcizelela nokusondelana. Ebunganini obuseduze, abantu bavame ukusebenzisa ulimi olukhululekile, olufushane, ngisho noluhlekisayo. Kodwa-ke, kusenemingcele okufanele igcinwe. Ihlaya elibhekwa njengelivamile eqenjini elilodwa lingabhekwa njengelingenanhlonipho kwelinye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izindinganiso zomphakathi zihambisana nesimo—zincike kakhulu ekutheni ubani okhuluma naye, ubani, kuphi, futhi kusiphi isimo.
Izinhlobo zolimi: ezisemthethweni, ezingakahleleki, nezesifunda
Imiphakathi yezilimi eziningi njenge-Indonesia ibonisa ukuthi ulimi nezindinganiso zomphakathi zihlobene kangakanani ngokuhlukahluka kwezilimi. Ezimweni ezisemthethweni—imihlangano, izincwadi ezisemthethweni, ukuxhumana kwezikhungo—izindinganiso zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwesi-Indonesia esisemthethweni kakhulu. Isakhiwo semisho, ukukhethwa kwamagama, kanye nokunemba kwamagama kubalulekile ekuthembekeni nasekusebenzeni kahle.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ezimweni ezivamile, inkulumo engakahleleki ivame kakhulu. Ukuxuba ikhodi phakathi kwezilimi zase-Indonesia, izilimi zesifunda, kanye ne-slang kuyinto evamile. Ukusetshenziswa kwezilimi zaseJavanese, zaseSundanese, zaseMinang, zaseBugis, nezinye akusebenzi nje kuphela njengendlela yokuxhumana kodwa futhi njengophawu lobunikazi kanye nobumbano. Uma umuntu "eshintshela" olimini lwesifunda phakathi nengxoxo, ngokuvamile kuyisu lokuxhumana: ukwakha ukusondelana, ukukhombisa imvelaphi efanayo, noma ukudala isimo somuntu siqu.
Kodwa-ke, ukwehlukahlukana kwezilimi nakho kungadala isihlamba. Imikhuba engabhalwanga ikhona kwezinye izindawo zomphakathi ezihlulela izilimi ezithile njengezicwengekile kakhulu noma “zasemakhaya.” Izahlulelo ezinjalo zibonisa ukuthi ulimi aluthathi hlangothi; lugcwele okuqukethwe kwezenhlalo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda imikhuba yezenhlalo kusho nokuqaphela ukucwasa okungase kube yingxenye yendlela umphakathi ohlola ngayo ukwehluka kwezilimi.
Ama-Taboo, amagama aphinyiselwe, kanye nemingcele yenkulumo
Izindinganiso zomphakathi nazo zilawula lokho okungamukeleki nokungamukeleki ukukusho. Yonke imiphakathi inezihloko ezingavunyelwe, njengocansi, impilo yomzimba, ukufa, noma ingxabano yomndeni. Uma isihloko sibhekwa njengesibucayi, ulimi luhlinzeka ngezindlela "zokuvikela" ukuxhumana, enye indlela iwukukhetha igama elithambile noma elingaqondile kangako.
Isibonelo, esikhundleni sokuthi “ufile,” abantu bavame ukuthi “ushonile,” “ushonile,” noma “akasekho.” Esikhundleni sokuthi “ungasebenzi,” abantu bangase bathi “ukufuna amathuba” noma “akusebenzi.” Amagama achaza indlela imikhuba yenhlonipho nozwela ethonya ngayo ukukhethwa kwamagama. Kodwa-ke, amagama achazayo angasetshenziswa futhi ukufihla iqiniso noma ukufihla umthwalo wemfanelo, isibonelo olimini olunegama eliningi kakhulu. Yilapho ibhalansi phakathi kokuhlonipha nokucaca ibalulekile khona.
Ulimi endaweni yedijithali: izindinganiso ezintsha, izingxabano ezintsha
Ukwanda kwezokuxhumana kushintshe isimo sezindinganiso zolimi. Esikhaleni sedijithali, ukuxhumana kuyashesha, kufushane, futhi kuvame ukungabi nazimpawu ezingezona ezezwi njengokubonakaliswa kobuso noma iphimbo. Ngenxa yalokho, umlayezo ongathathi hlangothi ungafundwa njengongenanhlonipho. Izindinganiso zedijithali nazo zishintshile: ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlamvu ezinkulu kungabhekwa "njengokumemeza," impendulo emfushane kakhulu ibhekwa njengebandayo, kanti ukubambezeleka ekuphenduleni umlayezo kungahunyushwa njengokunganaki.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungaziwa kwe-inthanethi kwenza abanye abantu bazimisele kakhulu ukwephula izindinganiso zokuziphatha okuhle. Inkulumo enenzondo, ukuxhashazwa ku-inthanethi, noma ukuphawula okuhlambalazayo kulula ukukubona. Yilapho umphakathi uthuthukisa khona izindinganiso ezintsha ngendlela "yokuziphatha kwe-inthanethi": ukungabelani ngemininingwane yomuntu siqu, ukungathuki, ukuqinisekisa ulwazi, nokuhlonipha ukungezwani. Emphakathini, lezi zindinganiso zedijithali zisaxoxwa, njengoba umugqa phakathi kwenkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo emphakathini uvame ukungacaci.
Ulimi njengethuluzi lokufaka nokukhipha
Ulimi lungaba futhi ithuluzi lokufaka noma lokukhipha abanye. Amagama angaphakathi—isilulumagama somphakathi, ulimi olusetshenziswa ngochwepheshe, noma izifinyezo ezithile—angadala umuzwa womphakathi phakathi kwamalungu eqembu. Kodwa-ke, kubantu bangaphandle, ulimi olunjalo lungaba yisithiyo. Ngokwesimo senkonzo yomphakathi, ukusetshenziswa kwamagama obuchwepheshe ayinkimbinkimbi kungenza abantu bazizwe bencane noma bengenamandla. Ngakho-ke, izindinganiso zobungcweti zidinga ukusetshenziswa kolimi oluqondakala kalula, ikakhulukazi lapho kukhulunywa nomphakathi.
Esinye isici esibaluleke kakhulu ulimi oluhlanganisa wonke umuntu: indlela yokukhuluma engalulazi amaqembu athile ngokusekelwe kubulili, ukukhubazeka, ubuzwe, inkolo, noma isizinda senhlalo. Imikhuba yenhlalo yesimanje ishintshela ekulinganeni okukhulu. Ezindaweni eziningi, amahlaya ayebhekwa njengamukelekayo manje ayabuzwa njengaqhubekisela phambili imibono engajwayelekile. Lolu shintsho lubonisa ukuthi imikhuba yenhlalo ayimi ndawonye; iyashintsha njengoba ukuqonda kwabantu bonke kuguquka.
I-Penutup
Ulimi kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi kuhlobene kakhulu. Ulimi luyindlela eyinhloko yezindinganiso: ngalo, umphakathi ufundisa imikhuba emihle, uqinisekisa ubuholi, wakhe ubunye, futhi ubeka imingcele yokufaneleka. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izindinganiso zomphakathi zakha ulimi: ukunquma izinhlobo ezikhethiwe, amagama abhekwa njengafanele, kanye namasu okuxhumana asetshenziswa ezimweni ezahlukene. Ukuqonda lobu budlelwano kusisiza ukuthi sikhulumisane ngempumelelo nangokuzwela okukhulu kumongo. Ekugcineni, ulimi alugcini nje ngokunemba kohlelo lolimi, kodwa futhi luphathelene nokufaneleka komphakathi—futhi ukufaneleka komphakathi okugcina ukuvumelana empilweni yomphakathi.
