Umqondo Wenkambiso Nemikhuba Yomphakathi ku-Anthropology
Ezifundweni ze-anthropology, imiqondo "ye-taboo" kanye "nemigomo yezenhlalo" yizinto ezimbili ezibalulekile ezisiza ukuqonda ukuguquguquka kwezenhlalo namasiko emiphakathini eyahlukahlukene. Ama-taboo kanye nemigomo yezenhlalo yiziqondiso zokuziphatha ezinquma indlela abantu ngaphakathi kweqembu lamasiko abaxhumana ngayo kanye nomhlaba obazungezile. Lesi sihloko sizohlola le mibono ngokujulile, sichaze izincazelo zayo, ukubaluleka kwayo, kanye nemiphumela yayo empilweni yezenhlalo.
Ukuqonda Ukungalungi
I-Taboo yigama lesiPolynesia elisho ukuthi "kwenqatshelwe" noma "kwenqatshelwe." Esimweni se-anthropological, i-Taboo ibhekisela emithethweni yezenhlalo noma yamasiko ebeka imikhawulo ethile. I-Taboo ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nemisebenzi, izinto, noma ubudlelwano obubhekwa njengobungcwele noma obuyingozi ngumphakathi. Ukwephula i-Taboo kungabangela ukucwaswa komphakathi, isijeziso, noma ngisho nezinhlekelele ezingaphezu kwemvelo.
Izibonelo zemithetho engavunyelwe zingahluka kakhulu kuye ngesiko. Isibonelo, kwamanye amasiko, ukuthinta ikhanda lomunye umuntu akuvunyelwe ngoba ikhanda libhekwa njengengxenye engcwele yomzimba. Emazweni amaningi anamaSulumane amaningi, ukudla ingulube akuvunyelwe ngenxa yezizathu zenkolo.
Ukuqonda Imikhuba Yomphakathi
Imikhuba yezenhlalo yimithetho engabhalwanga echaza ukuthi yini ebhekwa njengokuziphatha okwamukelekayo noma okufiselekayo eqenjini noma emphakathini othile. Ngokungafani nemithetho engavunyelwe, eqinile futhi eqondile, imikhuba yezenhlalo iguquguquka kakhulu futhi ikhonza ukusiza ukugcina ukuhleleka ekusebenzelaneni kwansuku zonke. Imikhuba yezenhlalo ihlanganisa okulindelwe mayelana nendlela abantu okufanele benze ngayo, bakhulume, bagqoke ngayo, ngisho nokucabanga ngayo.
Izindinganiso zomphakathi zihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana:
1. Imithetho Yendabuko: Lawula ukuziphatha kwansuku zonke okungajwayelekile nokungokwesiko. Isibonelo, umkhuba wokuthi "ngiyabonga" noma "ngiyaxolisa."
2. Imithetho Nezimiso: Lawula ukuziphatha okubaluleke kakhulu okuhlobene nokuziphatha. Isibonelo, ukwenqatshelwa kokuqamba amanga noma ukweba.
3. Imithetho Esemthethweni: Imithetho eseyiyingxenye yesimiso sezomthetho somphakathi futhi enezijeziso ezisemthethweni uma zephulwa. Isibonelo: ukwenqatshelwa kokushayela uphuzile.
Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kwezithiyo Nemikhuba Yomphakathi
Ama-taboo angabhekwa njengohlobo olubi kakhulu lwemikhuba yomphakathi, lapho ukwephulwa kwemithetho yokuziphatha kuvame ukubhekwa njengecala lokuziphatha noma ngisho nelomthetho. Nakuba imithetho yomphakathi isiza ukugcina ukuzinza komphakathi ngokuqondisa ukuziphatha okwamukelekayo, ama-taboo asebenza ukuvikela izici ezibalulekile zempilo yomphakathi neyesiko ekusongelweni noma ekuphazamisekeni.
Umsebenzi Wezithiyo Nemikhuba Yomphakathi Emphakathini
Ama-taboos kanye nemikhuba yomphakathi idlala indima ebalulekile emphakathini:
1. Ukuvikeleka Nokuhleleka: Imithetho nezimiso zomphakathi zisiza ekudaleni indawo ephephile nehlelekile ngokulawula ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye nokweqembu. Isibonelo, ukwenqatshelwa kokubulala cishe kuwo wonke amasiko kuyindlela eyisisekelo yokugcina ukuphepha nokuhleleka.
2. Ubuwena kanye Nobunye: Le mibono emibili iphinde isebenze ekwakheni ubuwena beqembu futhi iqinise umuzwa wobunye phakathi kwamalungu omphakathi. Ukunamathela emithethweni yezenhlalo kanye nemikhuba kungaba yindlela yokubonisa ukuzibophezela ezindinganisweni zamasiko ezihlanganyelwe.
3. Ukulawulwa Komphakathi: Ama-taboo kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi zivumela ukulawula komphakathi, kokubili okusemthethweni nokungahlelekile. Isibonelo, ukucwaswa komphakathi okuhlobene nokwephula umthetho othile noma isimiso kungasebenza njengesivikelo ekuziphatheni okungathandeki.
4. Ukudluliselwa Kwamasiko: Ngenqubo yokuhlalisana nabantu, imithetho engavunyelwe kanye nemigomo yezenhlalo idluliselwa kusuka esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye, okusiza ekulondolozweni kwamasiko nezindinganiso zomphakathi.
Umphumela Wokwephula Imithetho Engafanele Nezinkambiso Zomphakathi
Ukwephula imithetho evimbelayo kuvame ukuba kubi kakhulu kunokwephula imithetho yezenhlalo. Ukwephula imithetho evimbelayo kungaholela ekujezisweni ngokomzimba, ekujezisweni kwezenhlalo, noma ekuphathweni okubi nakakhulu ngokusekelwe ezinkolelweni zendawo. Isibonelo, kweminye imiphakathi, umuntu ophula imithetho evimbelayo angakhishwa inyumbazane noma abulawe ngisho nokubulawa.
Uma kukhulunywa ngezindinganiso zomphakathi, izijeziso ziyahlukahluka kakhulu futhi zincike ebunzimeni bokwephulwa komthetho. Izinyathelo ezingakahleleki, njengokugcona noma ukubukeka sengathi awukwamukeli, zivame ukusetshenziswa ukuphoqelela lezi zindinganiso. Kodwa-ke, ukwephulwa okukhulu kwezindinganiso zokuziphatha noma zomthetho kungaholela ezijezisweni ezisemthethweni, okuhlanganisa izinhlawulo noma ukuboshwa.
Ucwaningo Lwezithiyo Nemikhuba Yomphakathi
Ukuze siqonde kangcono, ake sibheke ezinye izifundo ezivela emasikweni ahlukene:
1. Ukungafaneleki Kokuya Esikhathini eNdiya
Kwezinye izingxenye zaseNdiya, ukuya esikhathini kusalokhu kuyinto engavunyelwe. Abesifazane abasesikhathini bavame ukuvinjelwa ukungena ezindaweni ezingcwele, ukuhlanganyela emikhosini yenkolo, ngisho nokudla ukudla okuthile. Lokhu kungavunyelwe kubonisa inkolelo yamasiko yamadoda abheka ukuya esikhathini njengokungcolile noma okungcolile. Naphezu kwemizamo yokushintsha lo mbono nokunciphisa ubandlululo, lo mkhuba usavamile emiphakathini eminingi.
2. Izindinganiso Zokuhlanzeka eJapane
EJapane, izimiso zokuhlanzeka ziqinile kakhulu futhi zilawulwa amasiko nokuziphatha kwansuku zonke. Isibonelo, ukugqoka imaski yobuso lapho ugula noma ukugcina ukuhlanzeka kwezindawo zomphakathi kuyingxenye yezimiso zomphakathi ezigxile kakhulu emasikweni aseJapan. Ukwephulwa kwalezi zimiso zokuhlanzeka kungaholela ekungakhululekeni komphakathi noma ngisho nasekubandlululweni.
3. Ukuvinjelwa Kwemishado Yezizwe Ezihlukene eNdiya
Umshado wezizwe ezahlukene uyinkambiso eseyikhulu leminyaka emphakathini waseNdiya. Naphezu kwezinguquko ezinkulu zomthetho nezenhlalo, lokhu kuvinjelwa kusathinta ukuziphatha nezinqumo zomuntu siqu zabaningi. Ukwephula lo mthetho kungaholela ezijezisweni ezinzima zomphakathi, okuhlanganisa ukuxoshwa emphakathini noma ngisho nobudlova obungokomzimba.
Ushintsho kanye Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo Ezingafanele Zomphakathi Nezinkambiso
Ngokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke kanye noshintsho olusheshayo kwezenhlalo, imithetho eminingi yokuxhumana kwezenhlalo kanye nemigomo iyashintsha. Ukuxhumana kwamasiko ahlukahlukene, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nezindinganiso zomhlaba ezishintshayo kuholela ekuhlolweni kabusha kwemithetho eminingi yokuxhumana. Isibonelo, izihloko ezazibhekwa njengezingavunyelwe, njenge-LGBTQ+ kanye nokulingana ngokobulili, manje sezixoxwa kakhulu futhi zamukelwa emiphakathini eyahlukahlukene.
Kodwa-ke, lezi zinguquko azizange zize ngaphandle kwezinselele. Imiphakathi eminingi ibhekana nokungezwani phakathi kokugcina amasiko ayo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi yize imithetho nemigomo yomphakathi ingashintsha, isadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni ubuwena kanye nokuguquguquka komphakathi.
Isiphetho
Ama-taboos kanye nemikhuba yezenhlalo yimibono emibili ebalulekile ku-anthropology enikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngendlela imiphakathi elawula ngayo ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye kanye neqembu. Nakuba zihlukile ngokwemvelo kanye nezinga lezijeziso ezizibekayo, ziyaphelelisana ekugcineni ukuzinza komphakathi kanye nokuzwana.
Ukuqonda imithetho engavunyelwe kanye nemikhuba yomphakathi kuwo wonke amasiko kusisiza ukuba siqonde ukwehlukahluka kwabantu futhi kugcizelela ukubaluleka komongo wamasiko ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwabantu. Kulesi sikhathi somhlaba wonke, izinselele namathuba okushintsha nokuzivumelanisa nemithetho engavunyelwe kanye nemikhuba yomphakathi kuyaqhubeka nokuguquka, okuhlinzeka ngezindlela zokuthi imiphakathi ichume ngenkathi isahlonipha ubunjalo bayo bamasiko.
Ngakho-ke, imithetho engavunyelwe kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi ziyaqhubeka nokuba yizihloko ezibalulekile ekufundweni kwe-anthropology kanye nokuqonda kwethu impilo yabantu ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba.
