Ubuliminingi Emphakathini
Ukusebenzisa izilimi eziningi—ikhono lomuntu ngamunye noma umphakathi lokukhuluma izilimi ezingaphezu kweyodwa—kuyisenzakalo esivame kakhulu emphakathini ezweni lanamuhla. Emazweni amaningi, okuhlanganisa ne-Indonesia, ukusebenzisa izilimi eziningi akuyona nje ikhono elengeziwe kodwa yingxenye yokuphila kwansuku zonke: abantu bakhuluma ulimi lwabo lwesifunda ekhaya, basebenzisa isi-Indonesia esikoleni nasemsebenzini, futhi basebenzisane nezilimi zakwamanye amazwe njengesiNgisi ku-inthanethi nasemsebenzini. Ukuba khona kwalezi zilimi eziningi kwakheka indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo, abakha ngayo ubuwena, kanye nokufinyelela amathuba emfundo kanye nezomnotho. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda ukusebenzisa izilimi eziningi kusho ukuqonda ukuguquguquka komphakathi okukhona emphakathini.
Incazelo kanye Nezinhlobo Zokusetshenziswa Kwezilimi Eziningi
Kalula nje, ubuliminingi bubhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwezilimi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Kodwa-ke, izinga lobuchwepheshe olimini ngalunye lingahluka. Abanye abantu bakhuluma kahle zonke izilimi, kanti abanye baqonda ulimi olulodwa kuphela (isib., ukuqonda kodwa kunzima ukukhuluma). Ezifundweni zezilimi kanye nesociology yolimi, ubuliminingi bungabonakala ngezindlela eziningana, njengalezi:
1. Ubuliminingi bomuntu ngamunye, lapho umuntu ekwazi ukusebenzisa izilimi eziningana ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
2. Ubuliminingi bezenhlalo noma bomphakathi, lapho umphakathi ngokuvamile usebenzisa izilimi ezingaphezu kolulodwa ezindaweni zomphakathi nezizimele.
3. Ubuliminingi obusesikhundleni, lapho izikhungo ezithile (izikole, uhulumeni, abezindaba) ziqaphela futhi zisebenzisa izilimi eziningana ngokusemthethweni noma ngokomthetho.
Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zivame ukuxhunyaniswa. Isibonelo, izinqubomgomo zemfundo ezethula amakilasi ezilimi ezimbili zingakhuthaza ubuliminingi bomuntu ngamunye ngenkathi zishintsha amaphethini olimi ngesikhathi esifanayo emphakathini.
Izinto Ezibangela Ukukhuluma Izilimi Eziningi
Ubuliminingi abuveli ngaphandle kwesizathu. Izici eziningana zenhlalo, zomlando, kanye nezomnotho zinegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwayo. Okokuqala, ukwehlukahlukana kobuzwe kanye namasiko kuyimbangela eyinhloko, njengase-Indonesia, enamakhulu ezilimi zesifunda. Okwesibili, ukuhamba kwabantu—ukuthuthela emadolobheni kanye nokufuduka—kuletha abantu abavela ezizindeni ezahlukene zolimi endaweni efanayo, okubadinga ukuba bathuthukise izilimi ezintsha ukuze basebenzisane.
Okwesithathu, umlando wamakoloni kanye nobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe kunegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezilimi ezithile njengezilimi zodumo noma zemfundo. Okwesine, ukuhwebelana komhlaba kanye nobuchwepheshe kusheshisa ukutholakala kwezilimi zakwamanye amazwe ngokusebenzisa izinkundla zokuxhumana, amafilimu, umculo, kanye nemidlalo. Okokugcina, isidingo sezomnotho sivame ukuba yimbangela enamandla: ikhono lolimi lwakwamanye amazwe libhekwa njengokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwemisebenzi, okuvumela ubuliminingi ukuba buvele njengesu lezenhlalo nelobungcweti.
Ubulimi Obuningi kanye Nobuwena
Ulimi aluyona nje indlela yokuxhumana; luwuphawu lobunikazi. Emiphakathini enezilimi eziningi, ukukhetha ulimi kungabonisa ukufana kwamaqembu, amazinga omphakathi, ngisho nezimo zengqondo ngamasiko athile. Umuntu angasebenzisa ulimi lwesifunda ukuveza imfudumalo nobunye emndenini, kodwa ashintshele olimini lwesizwe ukuze agcizelele ukufaneleka noma agcine ukungathathi hlangothi.
Isibonelo, e-Indonesia, ukusetshenziswa kwezilimi zesifunda kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nobunikazi bendawo—isiJavanese, isiSundanese, isiMinang, isiBugis, nezinye—kuyilapho isi-Indonesia sisebenza njengophawu lobunye besizwe. Okwamanje, isiNgisi sivame ukuhlotshaniswa nemfundo ephakeme, ukufinyelela emhlabeni wonke, noma isimanje. Lokhu kukhetha ulimi akuhlali kungathathi hlangothi; ngezinye izikhathi abantu bazizwa beqhosha, ngezinye izikhathi bazizwa becindezelekile, ikakhulukazi uma ulimi oluthile lubhekwa njengoluphakeme kunezinye.
Ukushintsha Ikhodi Nokuxuba Ikhodi Empilweni Yansuku Zonke
Emphakathini, imiphakathi esebenzisa izilimi eziningi ivame ukuzibandakanya ekushintsheni ikhodi, okuhlanganisa ukushintsha kusuka kolunye ulimi iye kolunye ezimweni ezithile, kanye nokuxuba ikhodi, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa izakhi zolimi ngaphakathi kwephimbo elilodwa. Lesi simo sivamile emadolobheni amakhulu, emakhampasi, nasezinkundleni zokuxhumana.
Ukushintsha ikhodi kungenzeka ngenxa yokushintsha komlingani wengxoxo, ushintsho esihlokweni, noma ushintsho esimweni kusuka kokusemthethweni kuya kokungajwayelekile. Ukushintsha ikhodi kuvame ukuvela ngenxa yomkhuba, isilulumagama esilinganiselwe, noma ngoba amagama athile azizwa efaneleka kakhulu kolunye ulimi. Ezimweni eziningi, ukushintsha ikhodi akulona uphawu "lokukhubazeka kolimi," kodwa kunalokho isu lokuxhumana elibonisa ukuguquguquka namakhono okuxhumana nabantu.
Imiphumela Emihle Yokusetshenziswa Kwezilimi Eziningi
Ukusebenzisa izilimi eziningi kunikeza izinzuzo eziningi kubantu ngabanye kanye nomphakathi. Ngokwengqondo, izifundo eziningi zikhombisile ukuthi ukusebenzisa izilimi ezingaphezu kolulodwa kungathuthukisa ukuguquguquka kokucabanga, ikhono lokuphatha ukunaka, kanye nokuzwela izakhiwo zolimi. Nakuba imininingwane yale miphumela yokuqonda ivame ukuphikiswana ngayo, ochwepheshe abaningi bayavuma ukuthi abantu abakhuluma izilimi ezimbili kanye nabantu abakhuluma izilimi eziningi babelana ngolwazi oluhlukile lwengqondo ekuphatheni izinhlelo ezahlukene zolimi.
Ngokombono wezenhlalo, izilimi eziningi zikhuthaza ukubekezelelana kwamasiko ngoba abantu bajwayela ukuqonda izindlela ezahlukene zokucabanga kanye nemikhuba yokuxhumana. Izilimi eziningi ziphinde zandise amanethiwekhi okuxhumana nabantu: umuntu okhuluma izilimi ezingaphezu kolulodwa uthola kulula ukuxhumana nemiphakathi.
Ngokombono wezomnotho, amakhono olimi lwakwamanye amazwe avula amathuba emisebenzi, enze kube lula ibhizinisi lamazwe ngamazwe, futhi athuthukise ukufinyelela kolwazi nobuchwepheshe. Esimweni semfundo, ukusebenzisa izilimi eziningi kuvumela umuntu ukuthi afunde emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa omagazini besayensi, amapulatifomu ezifundo zomhlaba wonke, kanye nezincwadi zamazwe ngamazwe.
Izinselele Nezingozi Emiphakathini Ekhuluma Izilimi Eziningi
Naphezu kwezinzuzo eziningi, ukusebenzisa izilimi eziningi nakho kuletha izinselele. Inkinga enkulu ukufinyelela ngokungalingani. Akuwona wonke umuntu onethuba elifanayo lokufunda ulimi lwangaphandle. Ngenxa yalokho, izilimi ezithile zingaba "imali yomphakathi" egcinelwe amaqembu athile, okwandisa igebe.
Enye inselele ukushintsha kolimi, lapho izilimi zendawo zishiywa khona kancane kancane ngenxa yezingcindezi zomnotho, izingcindezi zemfundo, noma ukucwaswa komphakathi. Ekugcineni, lokhu kungaholela ekushabalaleni kolimi kanye nokulahlekelwa ulwazi lwamasiko ezinalo—njengezinganekwane, amagama endabuko, kanye nemibono eyingqayizivele ngemvelo nokuphila.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphakathi ekhuluma izilimi eziningi ingabhekana nezinkinga zokubandlululwa kolimi. Ezinye izindlela zokukhuluma zingase zibhekwe “njengozihlakaniphile” noma “ezinegunya”, kuyilapho ezinye izilimi zibhekwa njengeziphansi. Endaweni yokusebenza noma esikoleni, abantu bangabhekana nezithiyo zokuxhumana uma izinqubomgomo zolimi zingabandakanyi. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezilimi eziningi kudinga ukuphathwa ngendlela elinganayo ukuze kugwenywe ukubandlululwa komphakathi.
Ubuliminingi Kwezemfundo kanye Nenqubomgomo Yomphakathi
Indima yemfundo ibalulekile ekunqumeni indlela yokusetshenziswa kwezilimi eziningi. Amamodeli emfundo agcizelela ulimi olulodwa kuphela, ngaphandle kokucabangela izilimi zomdabu zabafundi, angadala izikhala ekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni kwesikole futhi avimbele intuthuko yokufunda nokubhala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, indlela yokufundisa esekelwe olimini lwebele ezigabeni zokuqala ivame ukubonakala njengokusiza izingane ukuqonda imiqondo eyisisekelo ngaphambi kokwandisa amakhono azo ezilimini zesizwe nezakwamanye amazwe.
Ngasohlangothini lwenqubomgomo yomphakathi, ukusekela izilimi zesifunda ngokusebenzisa abezindaba, imibhalo, kanye nezindawo ezibonakalayo zokusetshenziswa (isb., ezinkonzweni zomphakathi zendawo) kungasiza ekugcineni ukusimama kwazo. Inqubomgomo yolimi efanele ihilela okungaphezu nje kokusungula "ulimi olusemthethweni" kodwa futhi nokuhlinzeka ngesistimu yokusebenza kwezinye izilimi ukuze zichume futhi zichume.
Ubuliminingi kanye Nekusasa Lomphakathi
Esikhathini sedijithali, ubuliminingi bungase buqine. Ukuhumusha okuzenzakalelayo, okuqukethwe okuwela imingcele, kanye nokuxhumana komhlaba wonke kwenza imingcele yolimi ibe lula kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukulula kobuchwepheshe akusho ukuthi zonke izilimi ziphephile; empeleni, izilimi ezingabhalwanga kahle zingase zibekwe eceleni uma zingasekelwa. Ngakho-ke, ikusasa lobuliminingi lincike ekulinganiseni: ukuvula izilimi zomhlaba wonke ngaphandle kokudela ifa lezilimi zendawo.
Isiphetho
Ubuliminingi emphakathini buyinto eyinkimbinkimbi: bungaba umthombo wokuceba kwamasiko, amabhuloho omphakathi, kanye nemali yezomnotho, kodwa futhi bunamandla okudala ukungalingani kanye nokushintsha kolimi. Isihluthulelo ukuphathwa—ngemfundo ehlanganisa wonke umuntu, izinqubomgomo ezilinganayo, kanye nesimo sengqondo somphakathi esibheka ulimi ngalunye njengengxenye yobunikazi nolwazi. Ngale ndlela, ubuliminingi abugcini nje ngokuba nekhono lolimi, kodwa futhi bube yisisekelo sokwakha umphakathi ovulekile, olinganayo, noncintisanayo.
