Umehluko phakathi kwe-Linguistic Anthropology kanye ne-Sociolinguistics
Ulimi alukaze lube khona endaweni engenalutho. Luhlala lusetshenziswa ngabantu, ngaphakathi kwemiphakathi, ezimweni ezithile, kanye nezinjongo ezithile. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwesayensi lolimi luvame ukuhlangana nesayensi yezenhlalo—ikakhulukazi i-anthropology kanye ne-sociology. Izinkambu ezimbili ezivame ukubhekwa njengezifanayo, ngisho nezihambisanayo, i-anthropology yezilimi kanye ne-sociolinguistics. Zombili zihlola ubudlelwano phakathi kolimi nokuphila kwezenhlalo, kodwa zihlukile ngokugxila, imibuzo yocwaningo, amasiko esayensi, kanye nezindlela zokubuka "ulimi" kanye "nomphakathi." Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngokuhlelekile ngomehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili, kanye nezibonelo, ukuze kube lula ukuqonda.
Ukuqonda i-Linguistic Anthropology
I-anthropology yolimi iyigatsha le-anthropology elifunda ulimi njengengxenye yesiko labantu. Igxile endleleni ulimi olubunjwa ngayo, olusetshenziswa ngayo, noluhunyushwa ngayo emikhubeni yamasiko yansuku zonke, kanye nendlela ulimi oluhlobana ngayo nobunikazi, amasiko, izindinganiso, i-cosmology, kanye nendlela umphakathi oqonda ngayo umhlaba.
Esikweni le-anthropology, ulimi alubonwa nje njengohlelo lolimi noma isilulumagama, kodwa njengomkhuba wezenhlalo namasiko: izindlela zokukhuluma, izitayela zokukhuluma, ukukhethwa kwamagama, kanye nemithetho engabhalwanga elawula ukuziphatha kokuxhumana. I-anthropology yolimi iphinda igxile kumongo womlando, amandla, ubukoloni, ukufuduka, kanye noshintsho lwamasiko oluthonya imikhuba yolimi.
Izibonelo zemibuzo ye-anthropology yezilimi:
– Izinhlobo zokubingelelana emphakathini zibonisa kanjani izakhiwo zobuhlobo kanye nezigaba zomphakathi?
– Iyini incazelo yamasiko yomkhuba “wokuxoxisana”, “ukuxoxa izindaba”, noma “ukuthandaza” ngolimi oluthile?
– Ulimi olungokwesiko luhluke kanjani kolulwimi lwansuku zonke, futhi kungani imiphakathi ilugcina?
Ukuqonda i-Sociolinguistics
I-Sociolinguistics iyigatsha lezilimi elifunda ubudlelwano phakathi kolimi nomphakathi, ngokunaka kakhulu ukuhlukahluka kolimi kanye nezici zomphakathi eziluthintayo. Izazi ze-Sociolinguistics zivame ukuhlola ukuthi ulimi lushintsha noma luhluka kanjani ngokwezinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nesigaba somphakathi, ubudala, ubulili, izinga lemfundo, umsebenzi, uhlanga, amanethiwekhi omphakathi, noma izimo ezisemthethweni nezingekho emthethweni.
I-Sociolinguistics igxile emaphethini okushintshashintsha kolimi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalo emphakathini. Izifundo eziningi ze-sociolinguistics ziqala ngemibuzo ethi: "Kungaphansi kwaziphi izimo zomphakathi lapho abantu basebenzisa khona izinhlobo ezithile zolimi?" noma "Ushintsho lolimi lusakazeka kanjani emphakathini?"
Izibonelo zemibuzo yezilimi zomphakathi:
– Kungani intsha yasemadolobheni isebenzisa isitsotsi esithile kaningi kunabantu abadala?
– Ukukhetha ulimi (izilimi zase-Indonesia vs. zesifunda) kuhlobene kanjani nemfundo noma ukuhambahamba komphakathi?
– Ingakanani izinga ulimi lwendawo oluthinta ngalo izahlulelo zabantu ngabakhulumi (isib., ukubhekwa “njengomuntu opholile,” “oyisidlakela sasemaphandleni,” noma “onegunya”)?
Umehluko Ekugxilweni Kocwaningo
Umehluko osobala kakhulu usekugxilweni okuyinhloko.
1. I-anthropology yolimi ivame ukubuka ulimi njengendlela yokuqonda isiko: izindinganiso, izimpawu, imikhuba, kanye nezincazelo ezikhona emphakathini. Ulimi lufundwa njengengxenye yendlela yokuphila yomphakathi iyonke.
2. I-sociolinguistics ivame ukubeka ulimi njengento yolimi oluguquguqukayo, bese ihlobanisa lokhu kuhlukahluka nezakhiwo zomphakathi kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa. Umgomo wayo oyinhloko uvame ukuchaza amaphethini okuhlukahluka kolimi kanye noshintsho ngokusekelwe ezicini zomphakathi.
Ngamanye amazwi, i-linguistic anthropology ibuza ukuthi “yini incazelo yamasiko yendlela abantu abakhuluma ngayo?”, kanti i-sociolinguistics ibuza ukuthi “umphakathi uluthinta kanjani uhlobo lolimi olusetshenziswayo kanye nokusabalala kwalo?”.
Umehluko Emasikweni Esayensi Nesizinda Sokuqondisa
I-anthropology yolimi yazalwa kakhulu emasikweni e-anthropology (ikakhulukazi i-ethnography), kuyilapho i-sociolinguistics yathuthuka emasikweni ezilimi kanye ne-sociological.
– I-anthropology yolimi iseduze ne-anthropology yamasiko: umsebenzi omude wasensimini, ukubamba iqhaza empilweni yomphakathi, kanye nokuhumusha incazelo.
– Izilimi zezenhlalo zivame ukuhlangana nezilimi: ukulinganisa ukuhlukahluka komsindo, isimo, noma ukukhethwa kwamagama; ukumaka izilimi zezilimi; ukwenza ukwenziwa okujwayelekile ngokusekelwe kudatha ebanzi.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lezi zinsimu ezimbili zivame ukuboleka imiqondo komunye nomunye. Isibonelo, isayensi yezenhlalo yanamuhla isebenzisa nendlela ye-ethnography; kuyilapho i-anthropology yezilimi ingenza nokuhlaziya ulimi okuningiliziwe kakhulu.
Umehluko Ezindleleni Zocwaningo
Umehluko olandelayo ubonakala ezindleleni ezivame ukusetshenziswa.
Indlela Yokufunda Ngezilimi
– I-Ethnography yokuxhumana: ukuqaphela nokuhlanganyela empilweni yomphakathi ukuze uqonde imithetho yokuxhumana.
– Ukubuka abahlanganyeli isikhathi eside.
- Ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo okugcizelela umongo wamasiko kanye nokusebenzisana.
- Ukuqoqwa kwezindaba zabantu, izindaba zemikhosi, imikhuba yokulandisa, kanye nokubhalwa kwezilimi ezisengozini yokuqothulwa.
Imiphumela ivame ukuba yizincazelo ezibanzi zemikhuba yolimi kanye nezincazelo zamasiko.
Izindlela Zokusebenzisa Izilimi Zomphakathi
- Ucwaningo oluhlelekile kanye nezingxoxo zokuqoqa idatha ezikhulumini eziningi.
– Izifundo zokwehlukahluka: ukubala ukuvama kokwenzeka kwezici zolimi (isib. ukuphinyiselwa okuthile) emaqenjini ahlukene omphakathi.
- Ukumapha ulimi kanye nezifundo zokushintsha ulimi ngokwezibalo.
- Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo zesimo sengqondo solimi.
Umphumela uvame ukuba yindlela yokwehluka: ubani osebenzisa yiphi indlela, nini, futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo.
Umehluko kumaYunithi Okuhlaziya
– I-anthropology yolimi ivame ukuhlaziya imicimbi yokuxhumana njengengxenye yezinhlelo zamasiko: amasiko, imikhosi, izingxoxo zendabuko, izinqubo zokwelapha zendabuko, ngisho nemikhuba yamahlaya endawo. Iyunithi yokuhlaziya ingaba "isenzakalo senkulumo" esigcwele izindinganiso, abahlanganyeli, imigomo, kanye nezimpawu zamasiko.
– I-sociolinguistics ivame ukuhlaziya ukwehluka kwezinga lemisindo, amagama, noma izakhiwo ezithile: ukukhetha isabizwana, ukwehluka kokubiza, ukushintshashintsha kwekhodi, izinhlobo ezisemthethweni nezingakahleleki, njalo njalo.
Isibonelo Sokuqhathanisa Icala
Isibonelo, kukhona ucwaningo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezilimi zesifunda kanye nesi-Indonesia edolobhaneni elithuthukiswa emadolobheni.
– Abacwaningi bezilimi zomphakathi bangase balinganise: ukuthi izakhamuzi zisebenzisa kangaki izilimi zesifunda uma kuqhathaniswa nesi-Indonesia, amaqembu eminyaka ashintsha izilimi kaningi, nokuthi imfundo iyayithonya yini indlela okhethwa ngayo ulimi.
– Abacwaningi be-anthropology yolimi bangase bahlole: incazelo engokomfanekiso yezilimi zesifunda yokuzibonakalisa kanye nomuzwa “wabantu bendawo,” indlela ulimi olusetshenziswa ngayo emasikweni, indlela imizwa yokuhlazeka noma yokuziqhenya eyakhiwe ngayo ngokuhlangenwe nakho komlando, kanye nendlela izinguquko zolimi ezihlobene ngayo noshintsho ezindinganisweni kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezizukulwane.
Bobabili baxoxa ngezinto ezifanayo, kodwa inhloso kanye nokujula kokuchazwa kungahluka.
Indawo Yokuhlangana Nokuhlangana
Nakuba zihlukile, lezi zinsimu ezimbili ziyahlangana. Izihloko ezinjengokushintsha ikhodi, imibono yolimi, ubuwena, kanye namandla zingafundwa yizo zombili. Umehluko ukuthi i-sociolinguistics ivame ukugcizelela amaphethini omphakathi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kokwehluka; i-anthropology yezilimi igcizelela kakhulu imikhuba yamasiko, yezimpawu, kanye neyansuku zonke ebeka lokho kwehluka.
Ezintuthukweni zakamuva, abacwaningi abaningi bahlanganisa izindlela: besebenzisa idatha yokulinganisa ukuze bahlele ukuhlukahluka, bese besebenzisa i-ethnography ukuchaza ukuthi kungani lokho kuhlukahluka kubalulekile emphakathini.
Isiphetho
I-anthropology yolimi kanye ne-sociolinguistics zombili zifunda ulimi ezimweni zenhlalo, kodwa zinezigcizelelo ezahlukene. I-anthropology yolimi ibheka ulimi njengengxenye ebalulekile yesiko futhi igcizelela incazelo, umkhuba, kanye nomongo we-ethnographic. I-sociolinguistics igcizelela ukwehluka kolimi emphakathini, izici zomphakathi ezithonya ukukhethwa kolimi, kanye namaphethini okushintsha kolimi angabonwa ngendlela ehlelekile futhi ngokuvamile ngobuningi.
Ukuqonda umehluko kubalulekile ekukhetheni indlela efanele yemigomo yakho yocwaningo: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufuna ukuhumusha ulimi njengokubonakaliswa kwesiko kanye nobunikazi, noma ufuna ukudweba ukuhlukahluka kolimi kanye nobudlelwano balo nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Ekugcineni, kokubili kuyahambisana ekuchazeni into eyodwa: ulimi luyisibuko kanye nethuluzi lokubumba impilo yomuntu.
Uma ufisa, ngingakusiza ngokungeza izibonelo zocwaningo e-Indonesia, uhlu lwabantu ababalulekile kanye nemibono emkhakheni ngamunye, noma ngokuhlanganisa lesi sihloko ngefomethi yephepha lezemfundo eligcwele isingeniso-izindlela-ingxoxo-iziphetho kanye nohlu lwezincwadi.
