Ulimi Embonweni Womhlaba Wonke
Esikhathini sokuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke, ulimi aluseyona nje indlela yokuxhumana ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezwe noma umphakathi othile. Selube yibhuloho elihlanganisa amasiko, uphawu lobunikazi, kanye "nemali" yezenhlalo ethonya imfundo, ukuhambahamba kwemisebenzi, idiplomacy, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nokugeleza kolwazi. Njengoba umhlaba uxhumana kakhulu nge-inthanethi, ukufuduka, kanye nokuhweba kwamanye amazwe, indlela esibheka ngayo ulimi nayo iyashintsha: ulimi aluyona nje uhlelo lwamagama nohlelo lolimi, kodwa luyisimiso sezinto eziphilayo—esithonywe amandla, ezomnotho, umlando, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe.
1. Ulimi njengebhuloho lokuxhumana phakathi kwezwe
Ezingeni lalo eliyisisekelo, ulimi lusebenza ukudlulisa imibono, imizwa, nolwazi. Kodwa-ke, ngokombono womhlaba wonke, indima yalo iyanda ibe yindlela yokuxoxisana ngezintshisekelo phakathi kwezizwe. Imihlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, ukubambisana kocwaningo, amanethiwekhi ebhizinisi lamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nezinkundla zomhlaba wonke njenge-UN noma i-G20 kuncike kumakhono olimi asebenzayo—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetshenziswa i-lingua franca (ulimi lokuxhumana emiphakathini) noma ngokuhumusha.
IsiNgisi okwamanje siphethe isikhundla esiphambili njengolimi olusetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba: isayensi, ubuchwepheshe, izindiza, ibhizinisi, kanye namasiko athandwayo. Kodwa-ke, ulimi lomhlaba wonke alusho ulimi olulodwa. Ezifundeni ezahlukene, ezinye izilimi zidlala indima ebalulekile: isiShayina saseMandarin eMpumalanga Asia kanye nangaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yezomnotho yaseShayina, iSpanishi eLatin America kanye nomphakathi womhlaba wonke wamaHispanic, isi-Arabhu eMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye nabantu abangaphandle, kanye nesiFulentshi kwezobudlelwano bezombusazwe kanye nezinye izikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe.
2. Ulimi namandla: ifa lomlando kanye nobukoloniyali
Akunakwenzeka ukuxoxa ngolimi emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kokuthinta umlando wobukoloni. Ukusabalala kwezilimi zaseYurophu—isiNgisi, iSpanishi, isiFulentshi, isiPutukezi, nesiDashi—kwakuhlobene kakhulu nokwanda kwamandla ezepolitiki nezomnotho esikhathini esidlule. Ngenxa yalokho, lezi zilimi zathola udumo, amanethiwekhi ezikhungo, kanye nezikhundla zamasu ezisasebenza nanamuhla. Emakoloni amaningi angaphambilini, izilimi zamakoloni zisasetshenziswa ekuphathweni, emthethweni, nasemfundweni ephakeme.
Lesi simo sidala inkinga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izilimi zomhlaba wonke zinikeza ukufinyelela emathubeni ezomnotho, ezincwadini zesayensi, kanye nasezinkundleni zokuxhumana zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubusa kwezilimi ezithile kunamandla okucindezela izilimi zendawo, ukushintsha amasiko, ngisho nokwenza buthaka ubuwena bomphakathi. Ngokombono wezilimi zomphakathi, ulimi aluthathi hlangothi; luvame ukuba yindawo yokulwa nethonya—okufanele ukuzwiwa, olwazi lwakhe lubhekwa njengolusemthethweni, kanye nosiko lwakhe olubhekwa “olwesimanje.”
3. Ulimi njengophawu kanye nophawu lwesiko
Ulimi lubalulekile ekuzibonakaliseni komuntu siqu kanye nokweqembu. Amagama asetshenziswayo, ukukhetha amagama, kanye nezinhlobo zolimi kungabonisa imvelaphi yesifunda, isigaba senhlalo, isizinda semfundo, ngisho nobulungu emphakathini othile. Esimweni somhlaba wonke, ubunikazi bolimi buba namandla kakhulu. Ukufuduka kwamanye amazwe kudala imiphakathi yabantu abasabalele egcina izilimi zamagugu ngenkathi ifunda ulimi lwezwe elibamukelayo.
Emindenini eminingi efudukayo, kuvela izimo zezilimi ezimbili noma izilimi eziningi: izingane zikhuluma ulimi lwesizwe esikoleni kodwa zisebenzisa ulimi lomndeni ekhaya. Lesi simo singacebisa amakhono okuqonda kanye nokuxhumana nabantu, kodwa futhi siletha izinselele, njengalapho ulimi lwefa luba lukhuni ukukhuluma futhi lunyamalala kancane kancane esizukulwaneni esilandelayo. Ngakho-ke, ukulondolozwa kolimi akuyona nje indaba yolimi, kodwa futhi kuwumzamo wokulondoloza izinkumbulo, izindinganiso, kanye nemibono etholakala emasikweni.
4. Ubuliminingi njengeqiniso lezwe lanamuhla
Nakuba kuvame ukucatshangwa ukuthi izwe ngalinye linolimi olulodwa oluyinhloko, iqiniso liwukuthi imiphakathi eminingi inezilimi eziningi. I-India, iNingizimu Afrika, iNigeria, i-Indonesia, kanye namanye amazwe amaningi aphila nezilimi eziningi noma ngisho namakhulu esifunda. Emhlabeni jikelele, ukusebenzisa izilimi eziningi kuyinto evamile, hhayi okuhlukile. Ikhono lokukhuluma izilimi ezingaphezu kolulodwa liyikhono elibalulekile—kokubili kwezemfundo, ekuxhumaneni nabantu, kanye nakwezomnotho.
Izinqubomgomo zolimi emazweni ahlukahlukene zibonisa izindlela ezahlukene: ezinye zisungula ulimi olulodwa olusemthethweni ukuqinisa ubunye besizwe, ezinye ziqaphela izilimi eziningi ezisemthethweni, kanti ezinye zinikeza ukuzimela kolimi ezifundeni ezithile. Inselele enkulu ukuthola ibhalansi phakathi kokuxhumana okuphumelelayo kwesizwe kanye nokuqashelwa kokwehlukahlukana kwezilimi.
5. Ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinguquko endleleni abantu abakhuluma ngayo
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bedijithali kushintsha indlela ulimi olusetshenziswa futhi lusakazeka ngayo. Izinkundla zokuxhumana, izinhlelo zokusebenza zemiyalezo esheshayo, kanye namapulatifomu evidiyo kubangela ukuthi ulimi luguquke ngokushesha: izifinyezo, ama-meme, amagama asakazwayo, kanye nokushintshana kwekhodi phakathi kwezilimi zasendaweni nezomhlaba wonke kuyavela. Lezi zinguquko zivame ukubhekwa “njengokubhubhisa ulimi,” kodwa kwezezilimi, ushintsho lolimi luyinto yemvelo. Okuhlukile namuhla isivinini—i-inthanethi isheshisa ukusabalala kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilimi ngale kwemingcele yezwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuchwepheshe buthinta nokufinyelela kolimi ngokuhumusha komshini, ukuqashelwa kwenkulumo, kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Amathuluzi afana nabahumushi abazenzakalelayo enza kube lula ukusebenzisana phakathi kolimi, kodwa ikhwalithi yabo ayinembile ngaso sonke isikhathi, ikakhulukazi ngomongo wamasiko, amahlaya, noma izinkulumo ezihlekisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubuswa kwezilimi ze-big data (njengesiNgisi) ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe kungalimaza kakhulu izilimi ezincane ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinkampani zedijithali kanye nezinsiza zolimi.
6. Ulimi emnothweni womhlaba wonke: amathuba nokungalingani
Endaweni yokusebenza yamazwe ngamazwe, ulimi lunenani langempela kwezomnotho. Abantu abafunda ulimi lwangaphandle bavame ukufinyelela kakhulu emfundweni, ezifundweni zokufunda, ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nasezinkundleni zokuxhumana zobungcweti. Kodwa-ke, inani lezomnotho lolimi lingadala nokungalingani. Labo abangenayo imfundo yezilimi zangaphandle bangase bashiywe ngemuva emakethe yemisebenzi yomhlaba wonke.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani zomhlaba wonke zivame ukubeka "izindinganiso zolimi" ezithile zokuqasha, ukukhushulwa, noma ukuxhumana kwangaphakathi. Lokhu kungaholela ekubandlululweni okusekelwe ekugcizeleleni nasekuhlukeni kolimi. Isibonelo, umuntu okhuluma isiNgisi kahle kodwa enendlela yokukhuluma yendawo angase abhekwe njengomuntu ongachwepheshile kangako, yize indlela yokukhuluma ingenalo ithonya eliqondile ekhonweni lomsebenzi. Umbono womhlaba wonke udinga ukwahlulela okunobulungiswa: ukuhlola amakhono okuxhumana ngendlela esebenzayo, hhayi ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni ezincane.
7. Ukulondolozwa kolimi: ukugcina ukuhlukahluka phakathi kokugeleza komhlaba wonke
Izilimi eziningi emhlabeni wonke zisongelwa ngokuphela. Lapho izizukulwane ezisencane ziyeka ukukhuluma ulimi lwazo lwebele ngenxa yezingcindezi zomphakathi, zemfundo, noma zomnotho, ulimi lunganyamalala phakathi namashumi eminyaka. Ukulahlekelwa ulimi kusho ukulahlekelwa indlela ehlukile yokubona umhlaba: ulwazi lwendawo ngemvelo, amasiko omlomo, izincwadi, kanye nezindinganiso ezifakwe esakhiweni solimi.
Imizamo yokulondoloza ulimi ingafezwa ngokubhala phansi izilimi, imfundo yezilimi ezimbili, imithombo yezindaba yendawo, kanye nokuqinisa udumo lwezilimi zesifunda. Esikhathini sedijithali, ukulondolozwa kungafezwa nangokudalwa kokuqukethwe okuku-inthanethi ngezilimi zendawo—amafilimu amafushane, umculo, ama-podcast, imidlalo, kanye nezinto zokufunda. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukulondolozwa kolimi akuyona nje into yokukhumbula izinto ezidlule, kodwa kunalokho kuwukutshala imali emasikweni nasebulungiseni bezenhlalo.
8. I-Indonesia ngokombono womhlaba wonke: phakathi kwezilimi zase-Indonesia nezesifunda
I-Indonesia inikeza isibonelo esithakazelisayo solimi ngokombono womhlaba wonke. Isi-Indonesia siphumelele ekubeni yinhlangano ehlanganisa isizwe phakathi kokwehlukahlukana kwezilimi ngokobuhlanga nangokwesifunda. Emhlabeni jikelele, isi-Indonesia sithola ukunakwa okwandayo: sifundwa emanyuvesi ahlukahlukene nasezikhungweni zamazwe ngamazwe, sisekelwa yi-diplomacy yamasiko, futhi siqiniswa yindima yase-Indonesia emnothweni wesifunda nakwezepolitiki.
Noma kunjalo, kusenezinselelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isi-Indonesia sidinga ukuqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa ukuze sibe ulimi oluqinile lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izilimi zesifunda nazo zidinga ukuvikelwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubandlululwa. Lokhu kulinganisela kudinga izinqubomgomo zemfundo ezihlakaniphile, ukwesekwa komphakathi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabezindaba ukuze kugcinwe ukusimama kwezilimi zendawo.
I-Penutup
Ulimi ngokombono womhlaba wonke luyindaba yokuxhumana kanye nokungezwani: ukuxhumana ngoba ulimi lusenza sikwazi ukubambisana, ukwabelana ngolwazi, kanye nokwakha ukuqonda kwamasiko ahlukahlukene; ukungezwani ngoba ulimi luphinde luxhunywe emandleni, udumo, kanye nokufinyelela izinsiza. Phakathi kokuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke, inselele enkulu akukhona ukukhetha phakathi kwezilimi zomhlaba wonke nezendawo, kodwa kunalokho ukudala uhlelo oluzibheka zombili. Ngokubheka ulimi njengomthombo wabantu ohlukahlukene futhi onamandla, singakha umhlaba ohlanganisa wonke umuntu—lapho wonke umuntu enethuba lokuzwiwa, ukuqondwa, kanye nokwaziswa ngolimi alukhulumayo.
