I-Anthropology Yezilimi Esikhathini Sedijithali
I-anthropology yolimi iyigatsha lesayensi elifunda ulimi njengomkhuba wezenhlalo namasiko. Ukugxila kwayo kudlulela ngale kwezakhiwo zolimi—njengohlelo lolimi noma isilulumagama—kodwa futhi nendlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo ulimi ukwakha ubuwena, ukuxoxisana ngobudlelwano bamandla, ukukhuthaza ubumbano, nokudala incazelo empilweni yansuku zonke. Njengoba ukuxhumana komphakathi kwenzeka ngokwengeziwe ezindaweni zedijithali, i-anthropology yolimi ithole “ilabhorethri” entsha enkulu: imithombo yezokuxhumana, izinhlelo zokusebenza zemiyalezo esheshayo, imidlalo eku-inthanethi, amaforamu, ngisho nezindawo zokusebenza ezingokoqobo. Isikhathi sedijithali asishintshi nje kuphela indlela esixhumana ngayo, kodwa futhi sishintsha lokho okwakha ulimi, ukuthi ubani onelungelo lokukhuluma, nokuthi incazelo yakhiwa kanjani.
Ulimi njengomkhuba wokuxhumana nabantu endaweni yedijithali
Ngokombono we-anthropology yezilimi, ulimi luhlala lukhona ngaphakathi komongo: ubani okhuluma naye, ubani, ngayiphi injongo, kusiphi isimo, futhi iyiphi indlela esetshenziswayo. Esikhaleni sedijithali, lomongo usushintshile. Ukuxhumana akusasebenzi njalo (ngokushesha), kodwa kuvame ukungahambisani: othile uthumela umlayezo manje, bese ufundwa imizuzu noma amahora kamuva. Ngenxa yalokho, amasu olimi nawo ashintshile. Abantu bangase bakhe imisho "ekhethiwe" ngaphambi kokuthumela, noma esikhundleni salokho bathembele emilayezweni emifushane esheshayo neyongayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana kwedijithali kwandisa kakhulu izithameli. Okuthunyelwe kungafundwa ngabangane abaseduze, abaphathi, abantu ongabazi, ngisho nama-algorithms agcina futhi asabalalise okuqukethwe. Lesi simo senza kube yinto ebangela “ukuwa komongo,” lapho imingcele phakathi kwemikhakha esemthethweni nengahlelekile, yangasese neyomphakathi ivame ukufiphala. I-anthropology yolimi ifunda ukuthi abasebenzisi bavumelanisa kanjani isitayela sabo solimi ukuze babhekane nezilaleli ezahlukahlukene—isibonelo, ngokukhetha amagama angathathi hlangothi, ukufaka amahlaya, ukusebenzisa amagama alula abonisa “umphakathi,” noma ukusebenzisa isici “sabangane abaseduze” ukuze kubuyiselwe imingcele yobumfihlo.
I-Multimodality: lapho ulimi lungewona umbhalo nje
Isikhathi sedijithali senze ukuxhumana kube ngezindlela eziningi: incazelo ayidluliselwa ngamazwi kuphela, kodwa futhi nangezithombe, amavidiyo, izitika, ama-emoji, ama-GIF, imisindo, ngisho namafomethi afana nokuthi "caphuna ama-tweets" noma "ama-duet." Engxoxweni, i-emoji eyodwa ingaguqula ithoni yomlayezo isuke ekubeni yinto engathí sina iye kwehlekisayo, noma iqede ukungqubuzana okungenzeka. Ama-GIF okusabela angasebenza njengezimpendulo eziyinkimbinkimbi—eziveza ukuhlekisa, ukumangala, noma ukusekela—ngaphandle kwesidingo semisho emide.
I-anthropology yolimi inesithakazelo ekutheni lezi zinto ziba kanjani yingxenye "yohlelo lolimi" olusha. Isibonelo, izinhlamvu ezinkulu zingabonisa ukugcizelela noma intukuthelo; izinhlamvu ezinde ("capekkkkk") zibonisa ukuqina ngokomzwelo; isikhathi esisekupheleni komyalezo wombhalo ngezinye izikhathi sibhekwa njengesibandayo noma esingenasihawu. Lezi mininingwane emincane zakha ukuziphatha kwedijithali kanye nezindinganiso zokuxhumana ezifundwa ngomkhuba wansuku zonke.
Ubuwena, isitayela, kanye "nobuntu" bedijithali
Ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, abantu abakhulumisani nje kuphela kodwa futhi baziveza bona (ukuzethula). I-anthropology yolimi ihlola indlela ubunikazi obakhiwa ngayo ngokukhetha ulimi: ukusetshenziswa kwezilimi zesifunda ukukhombisa ukusondela kanye nemvelaphi; ukuxuba ikhodi yesi-Indonesia nesiNgisi ukukhombisa ubuzwe, imfundo, noma ubulungu emphakathini othile; kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamagama aqondene nama-fandom, imidlalo, noma amasiko amancane.
Abantu bedijithali nabo bavame ukuhlukaniswa. Umuntu angaba uchwepheshe ku-LinkedIn, abe ngumuntu ohlekisayo ku-X, futhi abe nobungane eqenjini le-WhatsApp lomndeni. Indawo ngayinye inezimiso zayo, futhi abasebenzisi bajwayela "ukushintsha isitayela" ukuze bavumelane nezimo. Yilapho ulimi luba ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuxoxisana ngokuthi "ngingubani" nezilaleli ezahlukene.
Imiphakathi eku-inthanethi kanye nokuzalwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilimi
Imiphakathi eku-inthanethi isheshisa ukusungula izinto ezintsha ngolimi. Isitsotsi, izifinyezo, nama-meme asakazeka ngokushesha kuzo zonke izifunda. Amagama noma imishwana ethile iba izimpawu zobulungu: ukuqonda kusho ukuba ngumuntu wangaphakathi, hhayi ukuqonda kusho ukuba ngumuntu wangaphandle. Isibonelo, amagama ajwayelekile emiphakathini ye-K-pop, amakamelo okudlala, noma izinkundla zokutshala imali angasebenza “njengamaphasiwedi” omphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko lama-meme libonisa izindlela ezintsha zokwakha incazelo ehlangene. Ama-meme amaningi asebenza ngokusebenzisa ukuhlangana kwemibhalo—ebhekisela ezenzakalweni zangaphambilini, izingcezu zengxoxo yefilimu, noma amathempulethi ajwayelekile abonakalayo. I-anthropology yolimi ifunda ukuthi lezi zinkomba ezabiwe zikhuthaza kanjani ubumbano, kuyilapho futhi zisebenza njengamathuluzi okukhipha labo abangajwayelene nomongo.
Ulimi, amandla, kanye nama-algorithms
Inkathi yedijithali iveza nobudlelwano bamandla obuhlukile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-inthanethi inikeza isikhala samazwi ayekade enganakwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amapulatifomu edijithali anemithetho, ukulinganisela, kanye nama-algorithms athonya ukuthi ubani obonakalayo. I-anthropology yolimi ihlola indlela ulimi olusebenzisana ngayo nalezi zinhlelo: amagama athile “angavinjelwa” yizinqubomgomo zepulatifomu, okuholela abasebenzisi ekwakheni amagama afingqayo noma “amakhodi” ukuze bagweme ukuvinjelwa futhi baqhubeke nokudlulisa imiyalezo.
Ama-algorithm akhuthaza nezindlela ezithile zokuxhumana. Okuqukethwe okufushane, okungokomzwelo, noma okuvusa inkanuko kuvame "ukuba phezulu" kakhulu. Lokhu kungathonya indlela abantu ababhala ngayo: izihloko ezihlaba umxhwele, imisho emfushane, noma ukusetshenziswa kwama-hashtag. Ngokombono we-anthropology yezilimi, lezi zinguquko azizona nje izitayela, kodwa ziwumphumela wokuxoxisana phakathi kwemigomo yokuxhumana yabantu kanye nomqondo wobuchwepheshe wepulatifomu.
Inhlonipho, izingxabano, kanye nokuziphatha kolimi online
Izindinganiso zokuziphatha kahle ezindaweni zedijithali zivame ukuhluka kulezo ezikhulunywa ngazo mathupha. Ukuntuleka kwezimpawu ezingasho lutho kungaholela ekungaqondani. Ukubhuqa kunzima ukukuqonda, amahlaya angazwakala ehlambalaza, noma imiyalezo ingabonakala sengathi ayilungile. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzisi bathuthukisa amasu: ukwengeza izithonjana, ukubhala "wkwk" noma "lol" ukukhombisa ukungabi nandaba, ukusebenzisa imikhonzo ukuthambisa izicelo, noma ukunikeza ukucaca.
Izingxabano eziku-inthanethi zivame ukwanda ngokungaziwa kanye nokuqhelelana nabantu. Izehlakalo ezifana "nokuvutha amalangabi," ukuxosha, kanye nokuxhashazwa kwe-inthanethi zibonisa ukuthi ulimi lungaba kanjani ithuluzi lobudlova obungokomfanekiso. I-anthropology yolimi ayigcini nje ngokuchaza lezi zinhlobo kodwa futhi iyabuza: yiziphi izimiso ezivumela ubudlova? Imiphakathi isabela kanjani? Izisulu zixoxa kanjani ngobuwena bazo kanye nezwi lazo?
Izilimi zesifunda, ukuvuselelwa, kanye nezinselele zedijithali
Ukwenziwa kwedijithali kuvula amathuba ezilimi zesifunda nezesincane ukuze zisinde futhi zichume. Imiphakathi ingadala okuqukethwe ngezilimi zendawo, ifundise ngamavidiyo amafushane, noma isungule izinkundla zokuxoxisana. Ukugcinwa kwemininingwane ngedijithali—ngezichazamazwi eziku-inthanethi, izindaba eziqoshiwe, kanye nemibhalo yomlomo—kuyinsiza ebalulekile yokuvuselelwa kolimi.
Kodwa-ke, kuvela izinselele: ukubuswa kwezilimi ezithile kumapulatifomu omhlaba wonke, ukwesekwa okulinganiselwe kwefonti noma ikhibhodi kwezikripthi zasendaweni, kanye nengcindezi yokuzivumelanisa nezilimi "zemakethe" ukuze kwandiswe ukusabalala kokuqukethwe. I-anthropology yezilimi ihlola indlela abakhuluma izilimi ezincane abalinganisela ngayo isidingo sokubonakala nemizamo yokugcina ubuqiniso kanye namagugu amasiko.
Indlela yocwaningo: i-ethnography yedijithali
Ukuze kuqondwe ulimi kule nkathi yedijithali, i-anthropology yezilimi ithuthukise i-ethnography yedijithali. Abacwaningi bangabuka izingxoxo ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, balandele ukuguquguquka kwemiphakathi yemidlalo, bahlaziye imibono, noma baxoxisane nabasebenzisi mayelana nemikhuba yabo yolimi. Kodwa-ke, i-ethnography yedijithali idinga ukuzwela kokuziphatha: imingcele phakathi komphakathi nokwangasese ayicaci ngaso sonke isikhathi, idatha ikopishwa kalula, futhi ukungaziwa kumele kuvikelwe. Imvume, ukuphepha kwedatha, kanye nomthelela wocwaningo emphakathini yizinto ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe.
I-Penutup
I-anthropology yezilimi esikhathini sedijithali isisiza sibone ukuthi izinguquko ekukhulumisaneni azigcini nje ngobuchwepheshe, kodwa ngamasiko. Ulimi luhamba ngendlela: luyashesha, lusebenzisa izindlela eziningi, futhi luxhumeke kakhulu ekuqondeni kwesikhulumi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ulimi luyaqhubeka nokufeza imisebenzi yalo eyisisekelo: ukwakha ubuwena, ukuphatha ubudlelwano bezenhlalo, kanye namandla okuxoxisana. Ngokuqonda imikhuba yolimi ezindaweni zedijithali, singafunda ukuguquguquka komphakathi wanamuhla—kufaka phakathi amathuba okufakwa, izingozi zokungqubuzana, kanye nezinselele zokugcina ukwehlukahlukana kwezilimi—ngokucacile nangokugxeka.
