Umbono Wokuhlobana Kolimi
Ulimi luvame ukubhekwa njengethuluzi nje lokudlulisa imiyalezo: sinemicabango, bese "siyibeka" ngamazwi. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono uqala ukunyakaziswa njengoba izazi zezilimi, izazi ze-anthropologist, kanye nezazi zengqondo zibuza umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu: kuthiwani uma ulimi lungeyona nje into yokugcina imicabango, kodwa futhi lusiza ekwakheni indlela esicabanga ngayo? Lo mbono waziwa ngokuthi inkolelo-mbono yokuhlobana kwezilimi—umqondo othi isakhiwo solimi esilusebenzisayo singathonya indlela esibona ngayo umhlaba, sikhumbule, sihlukanise okuhlangenwe nakho, futhi sichaze iqiniso lezenhlalo.
Iyini iTheory of Language Relativity?
Ithiyori yokuhlobana kwezilimi ivame ukuhlotshaniswa namagama amabili: u-Edward Sapir kanye nomfundi wakhe, uBenjamin Lee Whorf. Ngakho-ke, le thiyori yaziwa nangokuthi i-Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis. Ngendlela yayo evamile, ukuhlobana kwezilimi kuthi umehluko olimini ubonisa umehluko ezindleleni zokucabanga. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivame ukuxoxwa ngazo:
1. Ukuzinqumela kolimi (inguqulo eqinile): ulimi lunquma umcabango. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma umqondo ungatholakali olimini, abalukhulumayo bazoba nobunzima noma bangakwazi ngisho nokucabanga ngawo.
2. Ubudlelwano bolimi (inguqulo ebuthakathaka): ulimi luthonya imicabango. Ulimi aluyivali ingqondo, kodwa lunikeza ukuthambekela okuthile ekunakeni, ekukhumbuleni, nasekuhlukaniseni okuhlangenwe nakho ngezigaba.
Ocwaningweni lwanamuhla, inguqulo eqinile ayivamile ukwamukelwa ngokubonakalayo, kuyilapho inguqulo ebuthakathaka isekelwa kakhulu ubufakazi obubonakalayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ulimi aluyona "ijele" lengqondo, kodwa lungaba "izibuko" ezisijwayeza ukubona umhlaba ngendlela ethile.
Kungani Ulimi Lungathonya Indlela Esicabanga Ngayo?
Ulimi luyisimiso sezigaba. Uma sikhuluma, kumelwe sikhethe amagama athile, uhlelo lolimi, kanye nezakhiwo zemisho. Lokhu kukhetha akuthathi hlangothi, njengoba kusiphoqa ukuthi sibize umhlaba ngokuthi igama. Isibonelo, ezinye izilimi zidinga izikhulumi ukuthi zicacise ubulili ezibalweni ("uyindoda" uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthi "ungowesifazane"), kanti ezinye azisho. Ezinye izilimi ziphawula izikhombisi-ndlela (enyakatho-eningizimu-empumalanga-entshonalanga) enkulumweni yansuku zonke, kanti ezinye zisebenzisa igama elithi "kwesobunxele-kwesokudla" kaningi. Le mikhuba inamandla okuqeqesha ubuchopho ukuthi bunake kakhulu izici ezithile zokuhlangenwe nakho.
Ukuhlobana kolimi nakho kuhlobene nomqondo wemikhuba yokucabanga. Asihlali sihlaziya umhlaba kusukela ekuqaleni. Kunalokho, sisebenzisa izindlela zethu zengqondo eziqeqeshwe kahle: lokho esivame ukukubiza ngamagama, lokho esivame ukukuhlukanisa, nalokho esingadingi ukukuchaza.
Izibonelo Zokuhlobana Kolimi Empilweni Yansuku Zonke
1. Umbala: Ukubona i-Spectrum ngemingcele ehlukene
Indawo eyodwa evame ukusetshenziswa njengomfanekiso ukuqanjwa kombala. Ngokwebhayoloji, abantu ngokuvamile banemishini yokubona efanayo, kodwa izilimi zabela imingcele yezigaba ezahlukene. Ezinye izilimi zihlukanisa okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhanyayo nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okumnyama njengezigaba eziyisisekelo ezihlukene, kanti ezinye ziwahlanganisa ngaphansi kwegama elijwayelekile elithi "oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka." Lapho izigaba zolimi zihluka, izifundo eziningana zibonise umehluko ngesivinini kanye nokunemba kokuhlukaniswa kombala emingceleni yezigaba efanele kulolo limi.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi abantu basakwazi ukubona umehluko wemibala ngisho noma ulimi lwabo lungahlukanisi ngokwesilulumagama. Umphumela ufana kakhulu nokuthambekela, hhayi ukungakwazi ngokuphelele.
2. Ukuqondiswa Kwendawo: Iziqondiso Zesobunxele-Kwesokudla vs. Iziqondiso Eziyinhloko
Kweminye imiphakathi yezilimi, ukuqondiswa kwendawo kuvame ukuvezwa ngokweziqondiso eziyinhloko, kunokuba kwesobunxele nakwesokudla. Isibonelo, othile angase athi "hamba kancane uye empumalanga" esikhundleni sokuthi "hamba kancane uye kwesokudla." Lo mkhuba ungaqeqesha izikhulumi ukuthi ziqaphe njalo ukuqondiswa kwendawo—ngisho nangaphakathi—ngoba ulimi lufuna lokho. Umthelela awukona nje kuphela ulimi, kodwa futhi nowokuqonda: amakhono okuhamba kanye nokuqwashisa ngokuqondisa kungathuthukiswa.
3. Isikhathi: Umugqa Oqondile, Umjikelezo, noma Isifaniso Sendawo
Ulimi luphinde luthonye indlela esidweba ngayo imiqondo engaqondakali njengesikhathi. Izilimi eziningi zisebenzisa izingathekiso zendawo: “ikusasa lingaphambili,” “isikhathi esidlule singemuva.” Kodwa-ke, kunokwehluka endleleni “isikhathi” esibekwe ngayo, isibonelo, ngokuvundlile noma ngokuma. Indlela ulimi olwakha ngayo izinkulumo zesikhathi ingathonya indlela izikhulumi zalo ezicabanga ngayo ukulandelana kwemicimbi noma ukuhlela ukulandelana kwezikhathi ngenkumbulo.
4. Inhlonipho Nobudlelwano Bezenhlalo
Ezilimini ezifana nesiJapane, isiKorea, noma isiJavanese, amazinga okukhuluma kanye nokukhethwa kwamagama kuhlobene kakhulu nesimo senhlalo, ubudala, kanye nokusondelana. Izikhulumi zivame "ukuphoqeleka" ukucabangela ubudlelwano benhlalo lapho zikhuluma: ukuthi zikhuluma nobani, inhlonipho engakanani okufanele ziyibonise, kanye nohlobo luni lwesithombe ezizakhayo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ulimi alugcini nje ngokudlulisa ulwazi kodwa futhi lulawula ukuziphatha kwenhlalo kanye nendlela esizibeka ngayo ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yobudlelwano.
Ukugxekwa Nokuthuthukiswa Kwethiyori
Ubudlelwano bolimi abuyona into engenakuphikiswana. Ukugxekwa okuvamile kwe-ligious determinism ukuthi abantu bayakwazi ukufunda imiqondo emisha ngaphandle kolimi lwabo lwendabuko, ukuhumusha, kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha ngaphakathi kolimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici eziningi zokuqonda ziyinto yonke: bonke abantu bayaqonda imbangela nomphumela, banemizwa eyisisekelo, futhi bangahlukanisa phakathi kwezinto. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ulimi aluwona kuphela umthombo wesakhiwo sengqondo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ucwaningo oluhlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene—ikakhulukazi kwi-cognitive psychology kanye ne-neurolinguistics—lusekela uhlobo olubuthakathaka: ulimi lungathonya ukunaka kanye nenkumbulo. Leli thonya livame ukuzibonakalisa emisebenzini esheshayo (isb., ukuqashelwa kombala, ukuqondiswa kwendawo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto) noma emikhubeni yomphakathi eyakhiwe ngokusetshenziswa kolimi isikhathi eside.
Ngale ndlela, impikiswano yanamuhla ayisaphenduki embuzweni ojulile othi “ingabe ulimi lunquma umcabango?”, kodwa inemibuzo elinganisiwe kakhulu: ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo, kuziphi izici, futhi ulimi luthonya kangakanani izinqubo zokuqonda?
Ubudlelwano Bolimi Esikhathini Sedijithali
Esikhathini sezinkundla zokuxhumana, ukuhlobana kolimi kuthatha isici esisha. Ukukhethwa kwamagama, ama-hashtag, kanye namagama asakazeka kabanzi kwakheka indlela abantu abahlela ngayo imicimbi. Isibonelo, inkinga ingazwakala ihlukile kuye ngokuthi ibizwa ngokuthi "inkinga," "inselelo," "isigameko," noma "inhlekelele." Ulimi luphinde ludale izigaba zobunikazi: amagama athile angaqinisa ubumbano lweqembu noma abangele ukucwaswa. Ngokusakazwa okusheshayo kwamagama, izinguquko ekubonweni komphakathi zingenzeka ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, hhayi eminyakeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kokuxuba amakhodi kanye nokubusa kwamagama angaphandle kwezobuchwepheshe kungashintsha indlela abantu abacabanga ngayo ngomsebenzi, ukukhiqiza, ngisho nobudlelwano bomuntu siqu. Amagama anjengosuku lokugcina umsebenzi, ukucabanga ngokweqile, noma ukukhathala, isibonelo, awawona nje amalebula; aphethe uhlaka oluthile lokuhumusha mayelana nomuntu kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho.
Imiphumela: Kungani Lo mbono Ubalulekile?
Ukuqonda ukuhlobana kolimi kusisiza ukuthi siqaphele kakhudlwana ukuthi ukuxhumana akukhona nje kuphela “okulungile” “nokungalungile,” kodwa futhi nendlela esimaka ngayo iqiniso. Lokhu kunemiphumela eminingana ebalulekile esebenzayo:
1. Imfundo: othisha bangaqaphela ukuthi ubunzima babafundi ngezinye izikhathi abukho emqondweni, kodwa endleleni umqondo ohlanganiswe ngayo ngolimi.
2. Ukuhumusha: abahumushi kudingeka baqonde ukuthi ukuhumusha akusikho nje ukufaka esikhundleni samagama, kodwa futhi kungokungqubuzana kwemibono.
3. Ingxoxo phakathi kwamasiko: ukungaqondani kuvame ukwenzeka ngoba abantu bahlukanisa iqiniso ngezigaba ezahlukene zezilimi.
4. Ukuqwashisa okujulile: singaba nomuzwa ongcono wokubeka izinto ezombusazwe, ekukhangiseni, nakwabezindaba—ngoba ulimi lunquma ukuthi yini ebonakala ibalulekile.
I-Penutup
Ithiyori yokuhlobana kwezilimi isikhumbuza ukuthi ulimi aluyona indlela eyodwa yokugeleza kusuka emcabangweni kuya kwelinye igama. Ulimi nomcabango kuyathintana ebuhlotsheni obuyinkimbinkimbi. Izikhulumi azilawulwa ngokuphelele ulimi, kodwa imikhuba yolimi ingakha imikhuba yokucabanga: lokho esikunakayo, indlela esihlukanisa ngayo, kanye nendlela esihlola ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho.
Ekugcineni, ukufunda ukuhlobana kolimi kumayelana nokufunda ngokuhlukahluka kwezindlela abantu abangabantu ngazo. Ulimi ngalunye luphethe imephu yomhlaba ehlukile kancane—futhi uma sifunda olunye ulimi, asigcini nje ngokwandisa ulwazi lwethu lwamagama kodwa futhi sandisa nombono wethu ngeqiniso.
