Indlela Ephelele Ku-Anthropology Yezilimi
I-anthropology yolimi iyigatsha lesayensi elifunda ulimi njengomkhuba wezenhlalo namasiko: indlela ulimi olusetshenziswa ngayo, oluqondwa ngayo, oludluliselwa ngayo, oluphikiswana ngayo, noluguqulwa ngayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngokungafani nezilimi ezihlelekile, ezivame ukubeka ulimi njengohlelo lwezimpawu ezingahlaziywa ngaphakathi, i-anthropology yolimi igcizelela ukuxhumana phakathi kolimi nabantu—nomlando, ubuwena, ubudlelwano bamandla, imizwa, izindinganiso, kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Yilapho "indlela ephelele" iba yinto ebalulekile khona: ulimi alukaze lume lodwa, kodwa luhlanganiswa nezilinganiso ezahlukene zokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu.
Incazelo Yegama Elithi “Holistic” Ku-Linguistic Anthropology
Indlela ehlanganisa konke isho ukubuka ulimi ngokuphelele ngokusebenzisa izingqimba eziningi zomongo. Okokuqala, umongo omncane: izehlakalo zenkulumo, ukukhethwa kwamagama, iphimbo, ukushukuma komzimba, nokuthi ubani okhuluma nobani esimweni esithile. Okwesibili, umongo ophakathi: izimiso zomphakathi, izikhungo (izikole, imindeni, izindawo zokukhulekela, amahhovisi), kanye namanethiwekhi omphakathi akha imikhuba yolimi. Okwesithathu, umongo obanzi: umlando wobukoloni, izinqubomgomo zombuso, umnotho wezepolitiki, ukuhambahamba, kanye nemibono yolimi ethonya lokho okubhekwa "njengolimi oluhle," "ukugcizelela okujwayelekile," noma "ulimi lwase-kampungan."
I-Holism ku-anthropology yezilimi isho nokuhlanganisa izindlela nemibono eyahlukene. Abacwaningi ababali nje kuphela imvamisa yamagama kodwa futhi benza i-ethnography: ukuhlala nemiphakathi, ukubuka imikhuba yansuku zonke, ukuxoxisana nezikhulumi, ukuqopha ukuxhumana, kanye nokuhumusha izincazelo zomphakathi ngemuva kwezinhlobo zezilimi. Umgomo akukhona nje ukuchaza ukwehluka kolimi, kodwa futhi nokuqonda ukuthi kungani lokho kwehluka kubalulekile kuzikhulumi zalo.
Ulimi Njengomkhuba Wezenhlalo: Kusukela Esakhiweni Kuya Ekusetshenzisweni
Enye yeminikelo ebalulekile ye-anthropology yezilimi ukubuka ulimi njengesenzo (inkulumo njengesenzo), hhayi nje ukumelwa. Umusho ofanayo ungaba nezincazelo ezahlukene kuye ngesimo, ubudlelwano bezenhlalo, kanye nezinhloso zesikhulumi. Isibonelo, inkulumo ethi "Uhlakaniphe kakhulu" ingaba ukuncoma okuqotho, ukubhuqa, noma uhlobo lokucindezela komphakathi—kuye ngokuthi iphimbo lithini, umongo wengxoxo, kanye nomlando wobudlelwano phakathi kwamaqembu.
Ngendlela ephelele, ukuhlaziya kudlulela ngale "kokushiwoyo" kuya "kokwenziwayo" ngaleyo nkulumo: ukwakha ubumbano, ukuhlazisa, ukugcizelela isimo, ukuxoxisana, ukugwema ingxabano, noma ukubonisa ubuwena obuthile. Ngakho-ke, izici ezisebenzayo nezokusebenza ziyimbangela yesifundo, okuhlanganisa nendlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo isitayela, amahlaya, ukubingelela, kanye nenhlonipho ukulawula ubudlelwano bezenhlalo.
Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kolimi, Ubuwena, kanye Nobulungu Bomphakathi
Empilweni yomphakathi, ulimi luvame ukusebenza njengophawu lobunikazi: ubuzwe, isigaba senhlalo, isizukulwane, ubulili, inkolo, kanye nokuzibandakanya kwezepolitiki. Indlela ehlanganisa konke isisiza sibone ukuthi ubuwena abuhlobene ngokwemvelo nolimi, kodwa kunalokho kuxoxiswana ngakho ngemikhuba yokukhuluma. Umuntu angazwakala ehlelekile emsebenzini, ekhululekile ekhaya, futhi "ekhululekile" kakhulu ku-inthanethi. Lezi zinguquko azizona nje izinguquko zesilulumagama, kodwa amasu omphakathi okuguqula noma ukukhombisa ubuntu obuthile.
Isibonelo, ukukhetha phakathi kwezilimi zesifunda, isi-Indonesia, kanye nezinhlobo ezixubile (ukushintsha ikhodi kanye nokuxuba ikhodi) kuvame ukukhombisa ukusondelana noma ibanga emphakathini. Kweminye imiphakathi yasemadolobheni, ukusetshenziswa kwezilimi zesifunda kungagcizelela ubumbano kanye "nomuzwa wedolobhana elilodwa," kuyilapho isi-Indonesian esijwayelekile singabonisa ubungcweti noma igunya. Kodwa-ke, lezi zincazelo zomphakathi azifani; zincike emlandweni wokufuduka, ukucwaswa, kanye nemibono yolimi evamile emphakathini.
Ulimi, Amandla, kanye Nemibono: Ubani Obhekwa “Njengolungile”?
Indlela ehlanganisa konke ikhombisa nokuthi ulimi luhlobene kanjani namandla. Imibono yolimi iyizinkolelo ezihlanganyelwe mayelana nendlela ulimi “okufanele” lusetshenziswe ngayo—isibonelo, umbono wokuthi izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zihlakaniphe kakhulu, ukuthi izindlela ezithile zokugcizelela zinegunya elikhulu, noma ukuthi izilimi zesifunda zivimbela intuthuko. Izinkolelo ezinjalo zingabumba izinqubomgomo zemfundo, imikhuba yokuqasha abantu, ngisho nendlela abezindaba abamelela ngayo amaqembu athile.
Esimweni sase-Indonesia, impikiswano mayelana "nesi-Indonesia esihle nesilungile" ingahlaziywa ngokuphelele: hhayi nje ngohlelo lolimi, kodwa futhi nangegunya (ubani onelungelo lokwahlulela), ukufinyelela emfundweni (ubani onethuba lokuqonda uhlobo olujwayelekile), kanye nokuhamba komphakathi (indlela ulimi oluthinta ngayo amathuba emisebenzi). Ngenxa yalokho, i-anthropology yezilimi ingaveza ukungalingani okufihliwe ngemuva kwenkulumo "yamaphutha olimi."
Izindlela Zokuchaza Izinhlobo Zolimi: Ukuthola Ubunzima Bolimi
I-Ethnography iyisisekelo sendlela yokwenza yonke into. Abacwaningi benza ukubheka kwabahlanganyeli, bahlanganyela emisebenzini yansuku zonke, futhi bakhe ukwethembana nomphakathi. Idatha eqoqwe ayihlanganisi nje kuphela izingxoxo eziqoshiwe kodwa futhi ihlanganisa amanothi ngezimo, izikhundla zomzimba, ukubonakaliswa kobuso, izinto zobuciko (isib. amaphosta, imibhalo esemthethweni, imiyalezo ye-WhatsApp), kanye nomlando wendawo.
Le ndlela ibalulekile ngoba incazelo yolimi ivame ukuvela emininingwaneni ebonakala imincane. Indlela umuntu ahleka ngayo ngemva kokusho umusho othile, ikhefu ngaphambi kokuphendula, noma ukukhetha ikheli (njengokuthi "wena," "wena," "wena," noma "mnumzane/madam") kungaba nolwazi olucebile lomphakathi. I-Holism ikhuthaza abacwaningi ukuthi bangahlukanisi idatha yolimi endaweni yayo yomphakathi kodwa babheke ulimi njengengxenye "yemvelo yokuxhumana."
Ushintsho Lolimi Ezweni Lanamuhla: Imidiya Yedijithali Nokuhamba
Esikhathini sedijithali, i-anthropology yezilimi iya ngokuya ibaluleke kakhulu. Imithombo yezokuxhumana idala izikhala ezintsha zokwakha ubuwena, ukusabalalisa izitayela, kanye nencazelo ephikisanayo. Ama-memes, amazwana, ama-hashtag, noma izitayela zamagama ezithile akuzona nje izenzakalo zezilimi kodwa futhi nemikhuba yamasiko. Indlela ehlanganisa konke ihlola indlela ubuchwepheshe obulawula ngayo ukusebenzisana: indlela ama-algorithms, imigomo yesikhulumi, kanye nezilaleli ezingabonakali ezibumba ngayo indlela abantu ababhala futhi bakhulume ngayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhamba kanye nokufuduka kudala ukuxhumana okukhulu kolimi. Emadolobheni amakhulu, abantu bahlangana nezilimi eziningi kanye nezindlela zokukhuluma, okudala izinhlobo ezintsha futhi kubangele izingxoxo zobunikazi. Ukungezwani kuvame ukuvela: abanye bagubha ukwehlukahlukana, kanti abanye bafuna ukwenziwa kube ngokwejwayelekile. Ngendlela ephelele, ushintsho lolimi luqondwa njengomphumela wokuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezomnotho, imfundo, abezindaba kanye nenqubomgomo.
Izicelo: Imfundo, Ukulondolozwa Kolimi, kanye Nobulungiswa Bomphakathi
Indlela ehlanganisa konke ku-anthropology yezilimi idlula ngale kwethiyori; inemiphumela engokoqobo. Emfundweni, isibonelo, ucwaningo oluhlanganisa konke lungasiza ekwakheni imfundo ehlonipha izilimi zabafundi. Esikhundleni sokubheka izilimi zomama njengesiphazamiso, izikole zingabona ukuthi izilimi eziningi zinesethi ecebile yamasu okuxhumana. Lokhu kubalulekile ekunciphiseni ukucwaswa kwabakhuluma izilimi zesifunda noma izinhlobo ezingezona ezejwayelekile.
Ekulondolozweni kolimi, i-holism isikhumbuza ukuthi "ukusindisa ulimi" akukhona nje ukubhala phansi amagama. Ulimi luphila emikhubeni yomphakathi: amasiko, amahlaya, izindaba, imikhonzo, kanye nemikhuba yokusebenzisana. Imizamo yokuvuselela ephumelelayo ivame ukubandakanya imiphakathi, ukudala izikhala zokusetshenziswa kolimi, nokukhuthaza ukuziqhenya ngobuwena, hhayi nje ukudala izichazamazwi noma izincwadi zohlelo lolimi.
Ezindabeni zobulungiswa bezenhlalo, i-anthropology yezilimi ingabonisa ukucwaswa okusekelwe olimini, njengokuxhashazwa ngenxa yokukhuluma ngendlela ecacile, ukwenqatshwa kwemisebenzi ngenxa yokungacaci kahle, noma ukubandlulula ezinkonzweni zomphakathi. Ngokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kolimi namandla ngokuphelele, ukungenelela kungaklanywa ngokunembe kakhudlwana—isibonelo, ukuqeqeshwa okuzwela ulimi kwezikhungo noma izinqubomgomo eziqaphela isidingo sokuhumusha.
I-Penutup
Indlela ehlanganisa konke ku-anthropology yezilimi isimema ukuthi sibheke ulimi njengefasitela kanye nethuluzi lokwakha impilo yomphakathi. Ulimi aluyona nje isakhiwo esingahlukaniswa sibe yimisindo noma imithetho yokubhala, kodwa kunalokho luwumkhuba oxhumene nomlando, ubuwena, imizwa, izikhungo, kanye nobudlelwano bamandla. Ngokuhlanganisa i-ethnography, ukuhlaziywa kokuxhumana, kanye nokuqonda izimo zomphakathi ezibanzi, i-anthropology yezilimi inikeza umbono ohlanganisa konke ngobuntu.
Ekugcineni, ukuqonda ulimi ngokuphelele kusho ukuqonda isintu ngokuphelele: indlela esakha ngayo umhlaba ngamazwi, kanye nendlela umhlaba—ngezimiso namandla—owakha ngayo amagama esiwakhulumayo. Le ndlela ayigcini nje ngokucebisa isayensi kodwa futhi ivula isikhala sezinqubomgomo nemikhuba yomphakathi elinganayo ngokuphathelene nokuhlukahluka kwezilimi namasiko.
