Statistics ibazi remasvomhu rine chekuita nekuunganidza, kuongorora, kududzira, uye kuratidzwa kwedata. Padanho rechikoro chesekondari, statistics chikamu chakakosha chedzidzo yemasvomhu nekuti inobatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa mashandisirwo edata muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu. Imwe yepfungwa huru dzinodzidzwa mustatistics ndeye "chiyero chekuiswa." Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura zvakadzama chiyero chekuiswa, mhando dzacho, maverengerwo azvo, uye kukosha kwaro mukuongorora data.
Kunzwisisa Kukura Kwenzvimbo
Chiyero chenzvimbo chiyero chenhamba chinoshandiswa kutsanangura nzvimbo yehuwandu mukati medata set. Chiyero ichi chakakosha pakunzwisisa kuti data rinoparadzirwa sei uye pakuona nzvimbo yedata rakati mukati mekugoverwa kwedata. Nechiyero chenzvimbo, tinogona kuona kuti mitengo chaiyo iri kupi, ingave yakakwira kana yakaderera pane avhareji, uye kuti data rinoparadzirwa sei rose.
Zviyero zvinowanzo shandiswa pakudzidzisa vanhu kuchikoro chesekondari zvinosanganisira makota, madeciles, uye mapercentiles. Chimwe nechimwe chezviyero izvi chinokamura data kuita zvikamu zvakaenzana kuti zvibatsire kunzwisisa nzvimbo yedata iri mukati medata.
Chikamu chegumi nemana
Makota (Quartiles) zviyero zvekugovera zvinogovanisa data rakarongeka kuita zvikamu zvina zvakaenzana. Kune makota matatu makuru:
– Chikamu chekutanga (Mubvunzo 1): Govanisa 25% diki yedata ne75% yakakura. Mubvunzo 1 ndiyo kukosha kuri pasi payo 25% yedata.
– Chikamu chechipiri (Q2) kana kuti chikamu chepakati: Chinokamura data kuita zvikamu zviviri zvakaenzana. Q2 ndiyo nhamba yepakati yedata, apo 50% yedata inowira pasi payo uye 50% yedata inowira pamusoro payo.
– Chikamu chechitatu chedata (Q3): Govanisa 75% diki pane data ne25% yakakura kupfuura dzose. Q3 ndiyo kukosha kuri pasi payo 75% yedata.
Muenzaniso wekuverenga kwekota:
Ngatitii pane data rinotevera: 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27.
1. Ronga data: 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27.
2. Sarudza Q2 (pakati): data rechishanu nerechitanhatu (13 ne14), saka pakati = (13 + 14) / 2 = 13.5.
3. Sarudza Q1: data rechisere nerechipfumbamwe (7 ne8), saka Q1 = (7 + 8) / 2 = 7.5.
4. Sarudza Q3: data rechisere nerechipfumbamwe (21 ne23), saka Q3 = (21 + 23) / 2 = 22.
Desil
MaDeciles chiyero chekugoverwa chinokamura data rakarongeka kuita zvikamu gumi zvakaenzana. Semuenzaniso:
- Kuverenga kwekutanga (D1): Govanisa 10% diki yedata ne90% yakakura yedata.
– Chidimbu chechishanu (D5): Zvakafanana nepakati, zvinokamura data kuita zvikamu zviviri zvakaenzana (50%).
Muenzaniso wekuverenga kwedecile:
Ngatitii pane data rinotevera: 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27.
1. Ronga data: 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27.
2. Sarudza D1: Data rechi1 nerechi2 (5 ne7), saka D1 = (5 + 7) / 2 = 6.
3. Sarudza D5 (pakati): Data rechishanu nerechitanhatu (13 ne14), saka pakati = (13 + 14) / 2 = 13.5.
4. Sarudza D9: Data rechi9 nerechi10 (23 ne27), saka D9 = (23 + 27) / 2 = 25.
Percentile
Percentile chiyero chekugoverwa chinokamura data rakarongeka kuita zvikamu zana zvakaenzana. Percentile dzinoshandiswa kuratidza nzvimbo yehuwandu mukati mekugoverwa kwedata. Semuenzaniso:
– 25th percentile (P25): Zvakafanana nechikamu chekutanga chekota (Q1), zvichigovanisa 25% diki yedata ne75% yakakura yedata.
– 50th percentile (P50): Zvakafanana nepakati kana yechipiri quartile (Q2).
– 75th percentile (P75): Zvakafanana nechikamu chechitatu chekota (Q3).
Muenzaniso wekuverenga kwepasendimita:
Ngatitii pane data rinotevera: 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27.
1. Ronga data: 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27.
2. Sarudza P25: Data rechisere nerechipfumbamwe ndeiri (7 ne8), saka P25 = (7 + 8) / 2 = 7.5.
3. Sarudza P50 (pakati): Data rechi5 nerechi6 ndi (13 ne14), saka pakati = (13 + 14) / 2 = 13.5.
4. Sarudza P75: Data rechisere nerechipfumbamwe ndeiri (21 ne23), saka P75 = (21 + 23) / 2 = 22.
Kukosha kweSaizi yeKuisa
Kuyera kugoverwa kwakakosha mukuongorora nhamba nekuti kunopa ruzivo nezvenzvimbo yehuwandu mukati mekugoverwa kwedata. Nekunzwisisa makota, madeciles, uye mapercentiles, tinogona kuona kana data racho rine akawanda mavalues akakwira kana akaderera, pamwe nekuti data racho rinoparadzirwa sei. Izvi zvinobatsira zvikuru muminda yakasiyana-siyana, yakaita se:
1. Zvehupfumi: Kuongorora kugoverwa kwemari inowanikwa kana pfuma yevanhu.
2. Pfungwa dzepfungwa: Kunzwisisa kugoverwa kwemapoinzi ebvunzo kana zvimwe zviyero.
3. Dzidzo: Kuongorora mhedzisiro yebvunzo uye kuona nzvimbo dzevadzidzi mumapoka avo.
4. Hutano: Kuongorora kugoverwa kweruzivo rwehutano rwakadai seBP kana huwandu hwecholesterol muvanhu.
Kushandiswa kweSaizi yeKuisa
Zviyero zvenzvimbo zvinobatsirawo pakuita sarudzo dzinoenderana nedata. Semuenzaniso, mudzidzo, mapercentiles anoshandiswa kurongedza vadzidzi. Mudzidzi ari mupercentiles makumi mapfumbamwe anoonekwa seanoita zviri nani kupfuura 90% yevamwe vadzidzi.
Muzvehupfumi, ongororo yekuongorora mari inogona kushandiswa kuyera kusaenzana kwemari inowanikwa. Semuenzaniso, nekuona mari inowanikwa nevanhu vepamusoro-soro nevakaderera, tinogona kuwana ruzivo rwekusaenzana kwehupfumi munharaunda.
Muhutano, ma percentile anowanzo shandiswa kuongorora kukura kwevana. Semuenzaniso, kana mwana ari pa 75th percentile pahurefu, zvinoreva kuti mwana akareba kupfuura 75% yevana vezera rake.
Mhedziso
Kuyera nzvimbo ipfungwa huru muhuwandu hwakakosha kuti vadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari vanzwisise. Makota, madeciles, uye mapercentiles zvinotibvumira kunzwisisa chinzvimbo chechinhu mukati medata set uye kuwana ruzivo rwekupararira kwaro. Kuziva pfungwa idzi kuchabatsira vadzidzi kuongorora data zviri nani uye kuita sarudzo dzakakodzera.
Nhamba, pamwe chete nematanho ayo akasiyana-siyana ekuisa ruzivo, haingobatsiri vadzidzi kunzwisisa data muchikoro chete asiwo kuvagadzirira kushandisa data muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye mabasa emangwana. Nekunzwisisa kwakasimba kwematanho ekuisa ruzivo, vadzidzi vanogona kuva nechivimbo chakanyanya mukutarisana nematambudziko akaomarara ekuongorora data munguva ino yeruzivo.
