Hunhu hweColloids: Zviitiko uye Mashandisirwo
Colloid inzira iyo chinhu chidiki chinowanikwa ne microscopic chinoparadzirwa zvakaenzana mune imwe nzira. Kunyangwe zvichiita sekuti zvakafanana, ma colloid musanganiswa wakasiyana une zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana kubva pahukuru hwe1 kusvika 1000 nanometers. Chiitiko ichi chinonakidza nekuti ma colloid akagadzikana uye haagadzikane nyore, kusiyana ne suspensions, uko zvidimbu zvikuru zvinogona kugara nekufamba kwenguva. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora hunhu hwakasiyana hwema colloids uye chichapa ruzivo rwemashandisirwo azvo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva nemaindasitiri.
Mhando dzeColloids
Usati wanyatsoongorora hunhu hwemacolloids, zvinobatsira kutanga wanzwisisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemacolloids. Zvichienderana nechikamu chakapararira uye nzira yekupararira, macolloids anogona kuiswa mumhando dzakasiyana, dzinoti:
1. Sol: Colloid ine chinhu chakaoma chakapararira mumvura (mienzaniso: pendi, inki).
2. Aerosol: Colloid ine zvinhu zvakaita semvura kana zvakasimba zvakapararira mugasi (mienzaniso: mhute, utsi).
3. Emulsion: Colloid ine mvura yakapararira mumvura (mienzaniso: mukaka, mayonnaise).
4. Gel: Colloid ine chikamu chakapararira chakaita sechinonyunguduka chakavharirwa mune mvura (semuenzaniso: agar-agar, gelatin).
5. Furo: Colloid ine gasi rakapararira mumvura (semuenzaniso: furo resipo).
Hunhu hweColloids
1. Mhedzisiro yeTyndall
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvemacolloids iTyndall effect. Tyndall effect inoitika kana chiedza chasangana necolloidal particles uye chikapararira nazvo, zvichigadzira nzira dzinooneka dzechiedza. Izvi hazviitike mumhinduro dzechokwadi, uko zvidimbu zvakanyungudutswa zviri zvidiki zvekuti hazvigone kuparadzira chiedza.
Tyndall Effect ndiyo inoita kuti tione chiedza chezuva kuburikidza nemhute kana kuti tione nzira yechiedza muimba ine guruva kuburikidza nehwindo rakavhurika. Nekuda kwechiitiko ichi, Tyndall Effect inoshandiswawo murabhoritari kuona kana musanganiswa uri colloid kana kwete.
2. Kufamba kwebrownian
Kufamba kwebrownian kufamba kwecolloidal particles kunokonzerwa nekusangana nemamorekuru enzvimbo inopararira. Kufamba uku kwakaonekwa kekutanga nemusayendisiti Robert Brown muna 1827 paaidzidza nezvekukura kwemupore wakapararira mumvura. Kufamba kwebrownian kunoita kuti colloids dzigadzikane, zvichidzivirira kuti zvidimbu zvisagadzikane nekuda kwesimba regiravhiti.
Chiitiko ichi chinogona kuonekwa pasi pemaikorosikopu uye chinopa humbowo hwekuti zvidimbu zvecolloidal zvinogara zvichishanda pamwe chete nechinhu chinopararira.
3. Kunyungudutsa
Kunyungudutsa mvura (adsorption) chiitiko umo zvidimbu zvecolloidal zvinokwezva uye zvinochengeta mamorekuru kana maion chaiwo pamusoro pazvo. Izvi zvinoita kuti macolloides ashande zvakanyanya mukuchenesa mvura, kurapa, uye mamwe mashandisirwo akawanda. Semuenzaniso, zvidimbu zvekabhoni zvinoshandiswa mumafirita emvura kubvisa tsvina nezvinhu zvinokuvadza kubva mumvura.
Kunyudzwa kwemasero emudumbu (colloidal particles) kunogonawo kubatsira muindasitiri yemishonga, senge mukugadzirwa kwemishonga inoda kudzora kuburitswa kwezvinhu zvinoshanda mumuviri.
4. Colloidal Squirt
Kuputika kweColloidal chiitiko umo zvidimbu zvecolloidal zvine chaji yakafanana zvinosundidzirana, zvichikonzera kupararira kwakasimba. Zvikamu zveColloidal zvinogona kushaikwa zvakanaka kana zvakaipa, uye masimba anodzinga ari pakati pazvo anoadzivirira kuti asaungane pamwe chete.
Ichi ndicho chikonzero chekugadzikana kwakanyanya kwemamwe marudzi e colloids. Semuenzaniso, mumuviri wemunhu, mapuroteni eropa muropa ma colloids anodzivirira ropa kuti risagwambe uye anochengetedza kutenderera kweropa kunoenderana.
5. Kuonda kweganda
Kubatana kwemasero (colloidal particles) inzira iyo zvidimbu zvecolloidal zvinobatana kuti zvigadzire zvidimbu zvakakura, izvo zvinogona kuzopedzisira zvaita maburi kana kupatsanurwa kubva kune chinhu chinoparadzira. Maitiro aya anowanzoitika kana simba riri pazvidimbu zvecolloidal rikasashanda, kungave ne electrolyte kana imwe nzira yekubatanidza masero.
Kuvhara mvura kwakakosha mumabasa akasiyana-siyana emaindasitiri uye matekinoroji ekurapa mvura yakasviba kuti kupatsanure macolloid kubva mumvura yakasviba. Kuvhara mvura kwakakoshawo mukugadzira zvinwiwa zvakaita sedoro nemichero kuti zvibvise zvinhu zvisingadiwe.
6. Kuongororwa kweDialysis
Kuchenesa muviri inzira inoshandiswa kuparadzanisa zvidimbu zvecolloidal kubva kumaion madiki kana mamorekuru akapararira kuburikidza nemembrane inoyerera zvishoma. Maitiro aya anobatsira mumaindasitiri ebiochemical uye emishonga pakuchenesa mapuroteni nezvimwe zvikamu zvehupenyu zvakapararira mu colloidal solutions.
Dialysis inozivikanwawo senzira yekurapa varwere vane dambudziko reitsvo, uko muchina we dialysis unoshanda senzira yekuchenesa ropa kubva muzvinhu zvine chepfu nema ions asina basa.
7. Kushandiswa kweElectrophoresis
Electrophoresis inoreva kufamba kwezvikamu zvecolloidal zvine chaji mumunda wemagetsi. Zvikamu izvi zvinofamba zvichienda kuelectrode nechaji yakapesana. Iyi nzira inowanzoshandiswa mu biochemistry uye molecular biology kuparadzanisa nekuongorora mamorekuru makuru akadai seDNA, RNA, uye mapuroteni zvichienderana nechaji nehukuru hwazvo.
Gel electrophoresis ndeimwe yenzira dzinozivikanwa zvikuru dzekushandisa, apo zvidimbu zvakachajwa zvinoparadzaniswa mugel zvichibva pakuchajwa kwazvo uye simba remagetsi rinoiswa.
Mashandisirwo eColloid
Zvichibva pahunhu hwataurwa, macolloid ane nzvimbo yakakosha muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye mumaindasitiri. Mamwe emashandisirwo makuru ecolloids ndeaya anotevera:
1. Kurapa Mvura
Zvidimbu zveColloidal zvinoshandiswa mukugadzirisa mvura kubvisa tsvina nezvinhu zvinokuvadza. Kunyungudika uye kuonda ndiwo maitiro maviri makuru anoshandisa hunhu hweColloids kuchenesa mvura.
2. Khemisi
Muindasitiri yemishonga, macolloid anowanzo shandiswa sehwaro hwemishonga yenhema nekuda kwekugadzikana kwawo uye kugona kwawo kuchengeta nekuburitsa zvinhu zvinoshanda nenzira inoyerwa. MaColloidal emulsions nemagels anoshandiswawo mumafuta ekuzora, makirimu, uye mafuta ekuzora.
3. Indasitiri yezvekudya
Muindasitiri yezvekudya, macolloid ane basa rakakosha muchimiro uye magadzirirwo ezvigadzirwa. Mukaka, yogati, mayonnaise, uye jelly mienzaniso yezvigadzirwa zviri masystem ecolloidal. Kugadzikana uye kugara kwenguva refu kwezvigadzirwa izvi zvinoenderana nehunhu hwakasiyana hwemacolloid.
4. Zvizoro
Zvigadzirwa zvekunaka zvakaita semakirimu, mafuta ekuzora, uye shampoos zvinokonzerwa netekinoroji yecolloidal. Kugadzikana kwe emulsion uye kuburitswa kwezvinhu zvinoshanda zvinodzorwa ndizvo zvikonzero zvikuru zvinoita kuti colloids ishandiswe zvakanyanya muzvigadzirwa zvekuzora.
5. Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology inoshandisa hunhu hwemacolloids kugadzira zvinhu zvine hunhu hwakasiyana. Macolloids esimbi kana kuti nanoparticles anoshandiswa mumasensa, macatalysts, uye mamwe mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana etekinoroji yepamusoro.
Mhedziso
Hunhu hwemacolloids hunoita kuti ave zvinhu zvinonakidza mumakemikari emuviri, uye mashandisirwo awo akasiyana-siyana. Kubva pakurapa nemvura nemishonga kusvika kuchikafu nezvizoro, macolloids aratidza kuva zvinhu zvakakosha muzvinhu zvakawanda zvehupenyu nemaindasitiri. Kunzwisisa hunhu hwakasiyana hwemacolloids kunovhura mukana wekutsvaga mashandisirwo matsva uye kuramba uchiita zvinhu zvitsva muminda yakasiyana-siyana.
