Nhoroondo yeKuwanikwa kweAtomic Nucleus
Kuwanikwa kwenucleus yeatomu kwaive chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakaitika munhoroondo yesainzi, zvichibatsira zvikuru pakunzwisisa kwedu chimiro chezvinhu. Nhoroondo yayo inosanganisira kuyedza kwakawanda kwakakosha uye mazana emakore ekufunga kwesainzi. Zvinotevera ndezvekutarisa zvakadzama kuti pfungwa yenucleus yeatomu yakawanikwa sei uye yakagadzirwa sei.
Zana remakore rechi19: Mavambo neMafungiro Ekutanga
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, maonero eatomu ainyanya kuratidzwa nePlum Pudding Model yakataurwa naJ.J. Thomson muna 1904. Mumuenzaniso uyu, atomu iyi yairatidzwa se "pudding" ine "mazambiringa akaomeswa" akapararira mukati mese. Thomson akawana erekitironi muna 1897, chinhu chekutanga cheatomu kuonekwa. Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo kuwanikwa kwake kwaive kwakachinja-chinja, maerekitironi aya aida kurongeka mukati mechimiro cheatomu chakadzama.
Kuedza kwaGeiger-Marsden (1909-1911): Nguva Yakachinja Zvikuru
Kuedza kwakakosha kwakaunza shanduko huru mukunzwisisa maumbirwo eatomu kwaive kuedza kunozivikanwa seGeiger-Marsden Experiment kana Gold Decay Experiment, kwakaitwa naHans Geiger naErnest Marsden vachitungamirirwa naErnest Rutherford.
Mukuyedza uku, danda rezvidimbu zvealpha (zvidimbu zvine chaji yakanaka zvinoburitswa nezvinhu zvine radioactive zvakaita seradium) rakapfurwa papepa regoridhe rakatetepa. Sekureva kwePlum Pudding Model, zvikamu izvi zvaifanira kunge zvakapinda mufoil zvisina kutsauka kukuru nekuda kwekugoverwa kwakaenzana kwechaji. Zvisinei, mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza chimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvikuru: nepo zvidimbu zvakawanda zvealpha zvakapinda mufoil sezvaitarisirwa, zvidimbu zvishoma zvakasvetuka-svetuka pamakona makuru kwazvo, zvimwe zvichitodzokera kunobva.
Rutherford's Atomic Model (1911): Nyukiresi Yekutanga yeAtomu
Rutherford akagumisa kuti Plum Pudding Model yaisagona kutsanangura chiitiko ichi. Saka, akakurudzira modhi itsva yemaatomu inozivikanwa seRutherford Model kana kuti Rutherford Solar System Model muna 1911. Mumodhi iyi, atomu ine nucleus diki, yakakora kwazvo, ine positive charge iri pakati payo, uye maerekitironi anofamba-famba achitenderedza nucleus iyi, yakafanana nemapuraneti anotenderera zuva.
Rutherford akaratidza kuti nucleus inofanira kunge iri diki zvikuru kana tichienzanisa nehukuru hwese hweatomu. Kunyangwe modhi iyi yakabudirira zvikuru mukutsanangura mhedzisiro yekuyedza kuora kwegoridhe, yaivewo neutera, kunyanya maererano nekugadzikana kwemaerekitironi ari kutenderera nucleus, ayo aifungidzirwa kuti anogona kuwira munucleus nekuda kwemwaranzi yemagetsi inoburitswa.
Kufambira Mberi: Bohr's Atomic Model (1913)
Makore maviri mushure mekunge Rutherford atanga modhi yake yenyukireya, Niels Bohr, nyanzvi yefizikisi yedzidziso yekuDenmark, akawedzera modhi yeatomu yaRutherford nekutanga quantum mechanics. Bohr akataura kuti maerekitironi afambe mumitsetse yakatwasuka, yakasarudzika yakatenderedza nucleus, uye kuti simba remaerekitironi rinogona kungochinja kuburikidza nekusvetuka kwequantum pakati pemitsetse iyi. Modhi yaBohr yaive yakakosha mukutsanangura hydrogen line spectrum, iyo modhi yaRutherford yaisagona kutsanangura.
Kuwedzerwa kweCore Concept: Kuwanikwa kweProtons neNeutrons
Kunyangwe Rutherford akanga ataura nezvekuvapo kwenucleus pakati peatomu, mufananidzo wakazara wekuumbwa kwenucleus wakanga usati wanyatsojekeswa. Muna 1918, Rutherford akaratidza nekuyedza kuvapo kwemapurotoni—zvimedu zvine chaji yakanaka munucleus yeatomu—kuburikidza nekuyedza kwake nenitrogen.
Zvisinei, nucleus yeatomu haigone kuumbwa nemaprotoni chete nekuti huremu hwenucleus hwakakura kupfuura huwandu hwehuwandu hwemaprotoni ari mairi. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekufungidzira kuti paiva nezvimwe zvikamu munucleus. Muna 1932, James Chadwick akawana neutron, chinhu chisina kusimba chine huremu hwakafanana neproton, izvo zvakabatsira kutsanangura huremu hwakawedzerwa hwenucleus yeatomu.
Kuwanikwazve kweIsotopes uye Maumbirwo eNyukireya
Nekuwanikwa kwemapurotoni nemanyuturoni, pfungwa yemaisotopes yakabuda. Isotopes imhando dzakasiyana dzechinhu chemakemikari chine huwandu hwakafanana hwemapurotoni asi huwandu hwakasiyana hwemanyuturoni mumasero avo eatomu. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti nei chinhu chimwe chete chemakemikari chichigona kuva nemaatomu akasiyana.
Ongororo yakawedzerwa yechimiro chenyukireya yakaratidzawo kuvapo kwesimba rakasimba renyukireya, simba rinochengetedza mapurotoni nemanyuturoni pamwe chete munucleus pasinei nekudzoserwa kwemapurotoni nemagetsi.
Kuwanikwa kweNyukireya yeAtomu
Kuwanikwa kwenucleus yeatomu hakuna kungotsanangura chimiro cheatomu chete asiwo kwakagadzira nzira yekuvandudzwa kwefizikisi yenyukireya yemazuva ano uye kemesitiri. Kunzwisisa nucleus kwakagonesa kugadzirwa kwetekinoroji yakaita senyukireya reactor nebhomba reatomu. Matekiniki ekurapa ekufungidzira akadai sePositron Emission Tomography (PET) neMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) akavakirwawo muruzivo rwemaitiro eatomu nezvikamu zveatomu.
Tsvagiridzo pamusoro penucleus yeatomu yakabatsirawo zvakanyanya mu quantum mechanics uye muenzaniso wakajairika wezvikamu zvinosanganisira quarks, gluons, uye kudyidzana kwenyukireya. Kubudirira uku kunoratidza kukosha kwekuwanikwa kwenucleus yeatomu mukukura kwesainzi.
Mhedziso
Kuwanikwa kwenucleus yeatomu nepfungwa dzakaipoteredza kwakachinja chimiro chefizikisi nekemesitiri, zvichipa kunzwisisa kwakakosha kwezvinhu zvinoumba denga rose. Kubva paPlum Pudding Model yaJ.J. Thomson kusvika pakuedza kwaGeiger-Marsden uye kuwanikwa kwenucleus kwaRutherford, pamwe nekufambira mberi kwakaitwa nemasayendisiti akaita saBohr naChadwick, rwendo rwekuwana runoratidza kufambira mberi kwesainzi kuburikidza nekushandira pamwe, kuyedza, uye kuzvipira kusingazununguki pakunzwisisa nyika yakatipoteredza. Kuwanikwa uku hakuna kungopfumisa sainzi chete asiwo kwakachinja tekinoroji nehupenyu hwevanhu zvakanyanya.
