Fomura yekupindira kwechiedza
Kupindirana kwechiedza chiitiko chinoitika kana mafungu maviri kana anopfuura echiedza akasangana uye achibatana, zvichigadzira maitiro ekugoverwa kwesimba rechiedza chinogona kuwedzera kana kushayisa simba. Chiitiko ichi chinogona kuonekwa mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana, akadai sekuyedza kwe double-slit, kuyedza kwe thin-film, uye kuyedza kwe Michelson interference. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura dzidziso huru yekupindirana kwechiedza, mafomula ane chekuita nekupindirana, uye mashandisirwo anoverengeka anoshanda muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Dzidziso Yekutanga Yekupindira Kwechiedza
Kupindirana kwechiedza kunoitika kana mafungu maviri echiedza akabatana. Mafungu echiedza anonzi akabatana kana aine musiyano wechikamu unogara uripo uye wavelength yakafanana. Kana mafungu maviri akasangana, huwandu hwese hwenzvimbo imwe neimwe hunoreva huwandu hwehuwandu hwemafungu maviri. Kune mhando mbiri huru dzekupindirana:
1. Kupindirana Kwekuvaka: Kunoitika kana kukwirira kweimwe fungu kukasangana nekukwirira kweimwe fungu, zvekuti huwandu hwese hunokura. Kupindirana Kwekuvaka kunoita kuti nzvimbo dzakajeka muchimiro chekupindirana dzivepo.
2. Kukanganisa Kunoparadza: Kunoitika kana chikamu chepamusoro chemafungu chimwe chikasangana nepaburi remamwe mafungu, zvichikonzera amplitude diki kana kuti zero zvachose. Kukanganisa kunoparadza kunoita kuti nzvimbo dzine rima dzive muchimiro chekukanganisa.
Fomura Yekupindirana Kwemipata Miviri
Imwe yemiedzo yekare inoratidza kupindirana kwechiedza kuyedzwa kwe "double-slit" kwakaitwa naThomas Young pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19. Mukuyedzwa uku, chiedza chinopfuudzwa nepakati pe "slits" mbiri dziri pedyo, zvichigadzira "interference pattern" pachidzitiro chiri kumashure kwe "slits". Fomura inoshandiswa kuverenga nzvimbo dze "light" ne "dark bands" mu "interference pattern" ndeiyi:
\[ d \sin \theta = n \lambda \] (yemabhandi akajeka)
\[ d \sin \theta = (n + \frac{1}{2}) \lambda \] (yemabhande matema)
Di mana:
– d ndiyo daro riri pakati pemipata miviri.
– θ ndiyo kona inoumbwa nemutsetse kubva pamusuwo kusvika panzvimbo iri pachiratidziro.
– n ndiyo kurongeka kwemabhandi echiedza kana erima (n = 0, 1, 2, …).
– λ ndiyo hurefu hwemwenje hunoshandiswa.
Fomura Yekupindira Mumafirimu Matete
Kupindirana kunogonawo kuitika mumafirimu matete, akadai semafuta ari mumvura kana masipo. Muzviitiko izvi, kupindirana kunokonzerwa nechiedza chinopenya kubva pamberi nepashure pefirimu. Ukobvu hwefirimu uye refractive index yezvinhu zvinosarudza mamiriro ekupindirana kwekuvaka nekuparadza. Nzira yakajairika yekupindira mumafirimu matete ndeiyi:
\[ 2t = (m + \frac{1}{2}) \frac{\lambda}{n} \] (yekupindira kwekuvaka)
\[ 2t = m \frac{\lambda}{n} \] (yekukanganisa kunoparadza)
Di mana:
– t ndiko ukobvu hwefirimu.
– m inhamba yakakwana (0, 1, 2, …).
– λ ndiyo hurefu hwechiedza.
– n ndiyo chiratidzo chekurefractory chefirimu rakatetepa.
Michelson Interferometer
Chishandiso cheMichelson interferometer chishandiso chinoshandisa musimboti wekupindira pakuyera marefu echiedza, shanduko dze refractive index, kana urefu hwe optical nemazvo. Chishandiso ichi chine source yechiedza, semitransparent mirror (beam splitter), uye magirazi maviri anoratidzira. Chiedza chinobva kusource chinopatsanurwa kuita matanda maviri ne beam splitter, chinoratidzwa nemagirazi maviri, uye chobva chabatanidzwazve ne beam splitter kuti chigadzire pattern yekupindira.
Fomura huru inoshandiswa muMichelson interferometer ndeiyi:
\[ \Delta L = m \lambda \]
Di mana:
- ΔL mutsauko uripo pakati pemwenje miviri yechiedza.
– m ndiyo nhamba yemabhandi ekupindira akaonekwa.
– λ ndiyo hurefu hwechiedza.
Zvishandiso zveKupindira kweChiedza
Kupindira kwechiedza kune mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye tekinoroji yemazuva ano:
1. Precision Optics: Kupindira kunoshandiswa muzvishandiso zvekuyera zvine hungwaru, zvakaita seMichelson interferometer, kuyera urefu hwechiedza, kuchinja kwechikamu, uye ukobvu hwemafirimu matete.
2. Mapendi ekudzivirira kupenya: Nzira dzekudzivirira kupenya dzinoshandiswa kugadzira mapendi ekudzivirira kupenya pamagirazi ekamera nemagirazi emaziso. Mapendi aya anoderedza kupenya kwechiedza nekugadzira kupenya kunoparadza.
3. Spectroscopy: Kupindira kunoshandiswa muFourier-transform spectroscopy (FTIR) kuongorora spectrum yechiedza chinoratidzwa kana kutumirwa nemuenzaniso.
4. Kutaurirana Kwemaziso: Mu tekinoroji yefiber optic, kupindira kunoshandiswa kuyera nekudzora mhando yezviratidzo zvechiedza zvinotumirwa kuburikidza nefiber optic.
5. Holography: Holography inzira yekutora mifananidzo inoshandisa kupindira kwechiedza kunyora nekugadzira mifananidzo ine mativi matatu.
Muenzaniso weDambudziko reKupindira kweChiedza
Kuti tijekese kunzwisisa kwedu kwekupindira kwechiedza, ngatitarisei mimwe mienzaniso yemibvunzo:
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1: Kupindirana kweMupata Wakapetwa Kaviri
Zvichienderana nekuti chiedza chine wavelength ye600 nm chinopfuura nepakati pemipata miviri yakaparadzana ne0,5 mm, verenga kona yebhendi rekutanga rakajeka (n=1) pachiratidziro chiri kure nemipata.
Mhinduro:
Shandisa fomura yekupindirana kwemabhandi akajeka kaviri:
\[ d \chivi \theta = n \lambda \]
Tsiva tsika dzinozivikanwa:
\[ 0,5 \nguva 10^{-3} \sin \theta = 1 \nguva 600 \nguva 10^{-9} \]
\[ \sin \theta = \frac{600 \times 10^{-9}}{0,5 \times 10^{-3}} \]
\[ \sin \theta = 1,2 \kawa 10^{-3} \]
\[ \theta \approx \arcsin(1,2 \times 10^{-3}) \approx 0,069 \text{ degrees} \]
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2: Kupindirana kweFirimu Rakatetepa
Firimu rakatetepa rine refractive index ye1,5 uye ukobvu hwe300 nm rinoiswa pa substrate. Verengai urefu hwechiedza chinokanganiswa kana chiedza chakatarisana nefirimu.
Mhinduro:
Shandisa fomura yekupindira inovaka pamatafura matete:
\[ 2t = (m + \frac{1}{2}) \frac{\lambda}{n} \]
Pakupindira kwekutanga kwekuvaka (m=0):
\[ 2 \kawa 300 \kawa 10^{-9} = \frac{1}{2} \frac{\lambda}{1,5} \]
\[ 600 \kawa 10^{-9} = \frac{\lambda}{3} \]
\[ \lambda = 1800 \kawa 10^{-9} \]
\[ \lambda = 600 \text{ nm} \]
Mhedziso
Kupindirana kwechiedza chinhu chakakosha mufizikisi yemaziso chinoita basa guru mukushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwetekinoroji. Nekunzwisisa mafomula ane chekuita nekupindirana kwechiedza, akadai seaya anoshandiswa mukuyedza kwe double-slit, thin-film interference, uye Michelson interferometer, tinogona kuongorora nekushandisa chiitiko ichi kune zvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvesainzi netekinoroji. Chiitiko ichi hachingotibatsiri chete kunzwisisa hunhu hwechiedza asiwo chinopa maturusi ekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva muminda yakasiyana-siyana, kubva pakuona kwechiedza kusvika pakutaurirana kwemaziso uye holography.
