Fomura Yegiravhiti
Simba rinokwevera pasi (gravity) chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha uye zvakakosha mufizikisi. Ndiro simba rinokwevera zvinhu zviviri zvehuremu hwakati kuti kune mumwe nemumwe. Pfungwa yesimba rinokwevera pasi yakatanga kudzidzwa zvakadzama naSir Isaac Newton muzana remakore rechi17, uye kubvira ipapo, kunzwisisa kwedu simba rinokwevera pasi kwafambira mberi zvakanyanya, nerubatsiro rwakakosha kubva mudzidziso yaAlbert Einstein yehukama hwese. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora pfungwa yesimba rinokwevera pasi, fomura yaNewton yekutanga yesimba rinokwevera pasi, uye kuti dzidziso yesimba rinokwevera pasi yakashanduka sei nekufamba kwenguva.
Kunzwisisa Simba Rekukwevera Zvinhu Pasi
Simba rinokwevera pasi (gravity) isimba rinokwevera pasi rinoitika pakati pezvinhu zviviri zvine huremu. Simba iri ndiro rinoita kuti zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zviitike, zvakaita sekudonha kwezvinhu pasi, kufamba kwemapuraneti akatenderedza zuva, uye kuumbwa kwezvivako zvikuru zvemuchadenga. Kunyangwe simba rinokwevera pasi riri rimwe remasimba mana akakosha muchadenga, ndiro risina simba kana richienzaniswa nesimba renyukireya rakasimba, simba renyukireya risina simba, uye simba remagineti. Zvisinei, simba rinokwevera pasi rine simba risingaperi, izvo zvinoita kuti rive rakakosha zvikuru pachikero chemuchadenga.
Mutemo waNewton weGravity
Nzira inozivikanwa zvikuru yegiravhiti ndiyo Mutemo waNewton weGravitation Yese, iyo inoti simba regiravhiti riri pakati pezvinhu zviviri rinoenderana zvakananga nechibereko chehukuru hwazvo uye rinoenderana nechikamu chedaro riri pakati penzvimbo dzazvo dzehukuru. Pamasvomhu, fomura iyi inoratidzwa se:
\[ F = G \frac{m_1 \cdot m_2}{r^2} \]
Di mana:
– \( F \) isimba rinokwevera zvinhu pakati pezvinhu zviviri (Newton, N),
– \( G \) ndiyo simba regiravhiti risingaperi (\( 6.67430 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{Nm}^2/\text{kg}^2 \)),
– \( m_1 \) uye \( m_2 \) ndiwo mass ezvinhu zviviri (makirogiramu, kg),
– \( r \) idaro riri pakati penzvimbo dzine huremu hwezvinhu zviviri (mita, m).
Simba Rekukwevera Repasi Rose (G)
Chinoganhurirwa chepasi rose, \(G \), chinhu chidiki kwazvo uye chakaoma kuyera nemazvo. Zvisinei, kuyerwa kwekutanga kwakabudirira kwakaitwa naHenry Cavendish muna 1798. Kuyedzwa kwake, kunozivikanwa se "kuyedzwa kweCavendish," kwakashandisa danda re torsion kuyera simba diki riri pakati pehuwandu hunozivikanwa.
Kushandiswa kweNewton's Gravity Formula
Mutemo waNewton wegravitation yepasi rose une mashandisirwo akawanda akakosha. Rimwe rawo nderokuverenga huremu hwezvinhu zviri pamusoro pePasi. Huremu isimba rinokwevera zvinhu rinoshanda pahuremu hwechinhu. Fomura yekuverenga huremu (W) ndeiyi:
\[ W = m \cdot g \]
Di mana:
– \( W \) huremu hwechinhu chacho (Newton, N),
– \( m \) huremu hwechinhu (kilogiramu, kg),
– \( g \) ndiko kukurumidza kunokonzerwa negiravhiti paNyika (inenge \( 9.8 \, \text{m/s}^2 \) pamusoro peNyika).
Mutemo uyu unoshandiswawo kuverenga kutenderera kwemapuraneti, mwedzi, nemasatellite ekugadzira. Mukudzidza nezvenyeredzi, fomura iyi inotibvumira kunzwisisa kuti mapuraneti anodyidzana sei pamwe chete nenyeredzi dzawo.
Zvipingamupinyi zveMutemo waNewton weGravitation
Kunyange zvazvo Mutemo waNewton weGravitation Yese uchibatsira zvikuru uye wakarurama mumamiriro ezvinhu akawanda, une miganhu inomuka pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Imwe miganhu yakadaro iri pachiyero chikuru kwazvo chepasi rose kana munzvimbo dzakasimba kwazvo dzegiravhiti, dzakadai sepedyo nemakomba matema. Muzviitiko izvi, dzidziso yaAlbert Einstein yehukama hwese inopa tsananguro yakarurama yegiravhiti.
Dzidziso yaEinstein yeKuwirirana
Albert Einstein akataura nezvedzidziso yake ye relativity muna 1915, iyo yakachinja kunzwisisa kwedu gravity. Mudzidziso iyi, gravity haisi simba rinoshanda pakati pemasasi, asi inokonzerwa nekukombama kwenzvimbo nenguva kunokonzerwa nehukuru nesimba. Nzira huru ye general relativity ndiyo Einstein's field equation:
\[ R_{\mu\nu} – \frac{1}{2} R g_{\mu\nu} + \Lambda g_{\mu\nu} = \frac{8\pi G}{c^4} T_{\mu\nu} \]
Di mana:
– \( R_{\mu\nu} \) ndiyo Ricci tensor inotsanangura kutenderera kwenzvimbo nenguva,
– \( R \) iRicci scalar,
– \( g_{\mu\nu} \) ndiyo metric tensor inotsanangura geometry yespace-time,
– \( \Lambda \) ndiyo nguva dzose ye cosmological,
– \( G \) ndiyo simba rinokwevera pasi,
– \( c \) ndiko kumhanya kwechiedza mu vacuum,
– \( T_{\mu\nu} \) isimba-simba tensor rinotsanangura kugoverwa kwesimba uye simba muspace-time.
Dzidziso huru ye relativity inotibvumira kunzwisisa zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvisingatsanangurike nemutemo waNewton wegravitational, zvakaita segravitational lensing, precession yeMercury's orbit, uye kuwedzera kwepasi rose. Inofanotaurawo kuvapo kwemafungu egravitational, ayo akatanga kuonekwa zvakananga neLaser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) muna 2015.
Zvakawanikwa Zvichangobva Kuwanikwa uye Kubudirira
Kuwanikwa kwemafungu egiravhiti ndeimwe yekubudirira kukuru mufizikisi yemazuva ano, zvichipa humbowo hwakananga hweimwe yefungidziro huru dzedzidziso huru yehukama. Kuwanikwa uku kunovhura hwindo idzva mudenga nekudzidza zviitiko zvakanyanya zvemuchadenga, zvakaita sekusangana kwemaburi matema nenyeredzi dzemanyutroni.
Uyezve, tsvakiridzo pamusoro pezvinhu zvakati rima nesimba rerima inoratidza kuti simba rinokwevera pasi rinogona kunge riine zvinhu zvisati zvanyatsonzwisiswa. Zvinhu zvakati rima nesimba rerima zvinoita sezviri kutonga muchadenga, asi hazviburitse kana kupinza chiedza, zvichiita kuti zviome kuona zvakananga. Zvisinei, mhedzisiro yesimba rinokwevera pasi inogona kuonekwa kuburikidza negiravhiti remagirazi uye kufamba kwemagalaxies.
Mhedziso
Mutemo wegravity ndeimwe yepfungwa dzakakosha uye dzakakosha mufizikisi, ichishandura manzwisisiro atinoita zvinhu zvose. Kubva pamutemo waNewton wegravitation yepasi rose kusvika kudzidziso yaEinstein yehukama hwese, kunzwisisa kwedu gravity kwakachinja zvakanyanya. Tsvagiridzo nekuwana kwazvino uno kuri kuramba kuchinetsa uye kuchidzamisa kunzwisisa kwedu, zvichigadzira nzira yekuwana mune ramangwana. Gravity ichiri nzvimbo inoshanda uye inonakidza yekutsvaga, ine zvakavanzika zvakawanda zvisati zvagadziriswa.
