Fomura Inokwanisa Kushandiswa Kwemagetsi
Pendauluan
Simba remagetsi ipfungwa huru mufizikisi yemagetsi inotsanangura simba remagetsi pachaji imwe neimwe panzvimbo yesimba remagetsi. Rinoita basa rakakosha mumabasa akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kugadzira macircuit emagetsi, kunzwisisa zviitiko zvemagetsi nemagineti, uye kuongorora maitiro ezvimedu zvinochajwa. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura tsananguro yesimba remagetsi, mafomura ane chekuita naro, pfungwa yeminda yemagetsi, mashandisirwo ayo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, uye mienzaniso yekuwedzera kunzwisisa.
Tsanangudzo yeMagetsi Anogona Kushandiswa
Simba remagetsi panzvimbo imwe chete mumunda wemagetsi rinotsanangurwa sehuwandu hwebasa rinoitwa kufambisa charge yeyuniti kubva panzvimbo yekunongedzera (kazhinji isingaverengeki) kuenda panzvimbo iyoyo. Pamasvomhu, simba remagetsi (\(V\)) rinoratidzwa mumayuniti evolts (V) uye rinogona kuumbwa seizvi:
\[ V = \frac{W}{q} \]
di mana:
– \(V\) ndiyo simba remagetsi,
– \(W\) ibasa rinoitwa kuti munhu afambise chaji,
– \(q\) ndiko kukura kwechaji.
Fomura Yemagetsi Inokwanisa Kushandiswa Kwenzvimbo Dzemagetsi
Kana paine point charging \(Q\) inoburitsa magetsi, powerment yemagetsi \(V\) iri kure \(r\) kubva pacharging inopiwa na:
\[ V = \frac{kQ}{r} \]
di mana:
– \(V\) ndiyo simba remagetsi,
– \(k\) ndiyo Coulomb constant (\(8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2\)),
– \(Q\) ndiko kukura kwechaji,
– \(r\) idaro kubva pakuchaja kusvika panzvimbo inoyerwa simba remagetsi.
Nzvimbo yeMagetsi uye Kugona Kwemagetsi
Munda wemagetsi (\(E\)) inhamba yevector inotsanangura simba payuniti yekuchaja inowanikwa nekuchaja kwekuyedza panzvimbo imwe chete. Hukama huripo pakati pemunda wemagetsi nemagetsi hunogona kuratidzwa seizvi:
\[ \vec{E} = -\nabla V \]
di mana:
– \(\vec{E}\) ndiyo nzvimbo yemagetsi,
– \(\nabla V\) ndiyo gradient yemagetsi.
Kukwanisa Kwemagetsi Kwekubhadharisa Zvakati wandei
Kana paine mapoinzi akawanda, huwandu hwese hwemagetsi papoinzi ihuwandu hwe algebraic hwemagetsi anogadzirwa nechaji yega yega. Pamasvomhu, kune machaji \(Q_1, Q_2, \ldots, Q_n\) ari kure \(r_1, r_2, \ldots, r_n\) kubva papoinzi, huwandu hwese hwemagetsi \(V_{total}\) ndehwekuti:
\[ V_{total} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{kQ_i}{r_i} \]
Kugona Kwemagetsi Mumakondirakita
Mumuchina wemagetsi, mari yemahara inogona kufamba zviri nyore. Nekuda kweizvozvo, simba remagetsi riri mukati memuchina wemagetsi harisi zero, uye simba remagetsi rinoramba riripo mumuchina wemagetsi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana tikabatanidza mapoinzi maviri mumuchina wemagetsi, hapana musiyano uripo pakati pawo.
Kushandiswa kweMagetsi Anogona Kushandiswa Muhupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva
Mabhatiri neMasekete Emagetsi
Bhatiri inzvimbo inopa simba remagetsi rinoita kuti pave nemusiyano pakati pematerminals ayo akanaka neasina kunaka. Musiyano uyu unokonzera kuti magetsi afambe mucircuit yakavharwa, zvichipa simba kumidziyo yakasiyana-siyana yemagetsi.
Kapastor
Capacitor chishandiso chinochengeta simba muchimiro chemunda wemagetsi pakati pemaplate maviri anofambisa magetsi akaparadzaniswa ne dielectric. Simba remagetsi riri pakati pemaplate ndiro rinosarudza huwandu hwechaji yarinogona kuchengeta.
Mheni
Mheni inoitika kana kuungana kwemagetsi mumakore kuchigadzira musiyano mukuru pakati pegore nepamusoro penyika. Kana musiyano uyu wemagetsi wakura zvakakwana, simba remagetsi rinoburitswa muchimiro chemheni.
Mibvunzo nemhinduro dzemuenzaniso
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1
Chaji yepoindi \(Q = 2 \, \mu \text{C}\) inoiswa panzvimbo yakati. Verenga simba remagetsi riri kure nemamita 0,5 kubva pachaji.
Mhinduro:
Kushandisa fomura yemagetsi yekuchaja poindi:
\[ V = \frac{kQ}{r} \]
Isa kukosha kwakapihwa:
\[ V = \frac{8.99 \nguva 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2 \nguva 2 \nguva 10^{-6} \, \text{C}}{0,5 \, \text{m}} \]
\[ V = \frac{17.98 \kawa 10^3 \, \text{N m/C}}{0,5} \]
\[ V = 35.96 \kawa 10^3 \, \mashoko{V} \]
\[ V = 35.96 \, \text{kV} \]
Saka, simba remagetsi riri kure nemamita 0,5 kubva pachaji i35,96 kV.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2
Mapoinzi maviri anochaja \(Q_1 = 3 \, \mu \text{C}\) uye \(Q_2 = -2 \, \mu \text{C}\) anoiswa padaro remita imwe uye mamita 0,5 kubva papoinzi P. Verenga huwandu hwese hwemagetsi ari papoinzi P.
Mhinduro:
Kushandisa fomura yemagetsi inogona kushandiswa pakubhadhara zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana:
\[ V_{total} = \frac{kQ_1}{r_1} + \frac{kQ_2}{r_2} \]
Isa kukosha kwakapihwa:
\[ V_{total} = \frac{8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2 \times 3 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C}}{1 \, \text{m}} + \frac{8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2 \times (-2) \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C}}{0,5 \, \text{m}} \]
\[ V_{total} = 26.97 \kawa 10^3 \, \text{V} – 35.96 \kawa 10^3 \, \text{V} \]
\[ V_{total} = -8.99 \kawa 10^3 \, \text{V} \]
Saka, simba rese remagetsi panzvimbo P i -8.99 kV.
Mhedziso
Simba remagetsi ipfungwa inokosha inotsanangura simba rinogona kushandiswa pachaji imwe neimwe panzvimbo yemagetsi. Nekunzwisisa mafomura ane chekuita nesimba remagetsi, akadai se \( V = \frac{W}{q} \) uye \( V = \frac{kQ}{r} \), uye mashandisirwo aro mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani zviitiko zvemagetsi muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Simba remagetsi rine mashandisirwo akawanda anoshanda, kubva pakugadzirwa kwedunhu remagetsi kusvika kuzviitiko zvechisikigo zvakaita semheni. Kuburikidza nematambudziko emuenzaniso akabatanidzwa, zvinotarisirwa kuti kunzwisisa pfungwa iyi kuchave kwakadzika uye kunoshanda.
