Mafomu ehuwandu, mayuniti, zviyero, uye mavectors muFizikisi
Fizikisi isainzi inodzidza zviitiko zvechisikigo uye zviitiko zvinoitika mazviri. Mufizikisi, pfungwa huru dzakadai sehuwandu, mayuniti, chiyero, uye mavectors zvakakosha pakunzwisisa nekutsanangura zviitiko zvepanyama. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura tsananguro, mafomula, uye mashandisirwo eimwe neimwe yepfungwa idzi zvakadzama.
Huwandu hwemuviri
Huwandu hwezvinhu (physical health) zvinoreva chero chinhu chinogona kuyerwa uye kutsanangurwa nenhamba. Huwandu hwezvinhu (physical health) hwakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: huwandu hwepakutanga nehuwandu hwakatorwa.
1. Mari Yese
Huwandu hwekutanga huwandu hunomira hwega uye husingatsamiri pane humwe huwandu. Kune huwandu hwekutanga hunomwe muInternational System (SI):
– Kureba (mita, m): Semuenzaniso, daro riri pakati pemapoinzi maviri.
– Huremu (kilogiramu, kg): Semuenzaniso, huremu hwechinhu.
– Nguva (masekondi, s): Semuenzaniso, nguva yechiitiko.
– Mhepo yemagetsi (amperes, A): Semuenzaniso, mhepo iri mudunhu remagetsi.
– Tembiricha (kelvin, K): Semuenzaniso, tembiricha yemvura.
– Huwandu hwechinhu (mamoles): Semuenzaniso, huwandu hwezvidimbu zviri muchinhu.
– Kupenya kwakanyanya (candela, cd): Semuenzaniso, kupenya kwechiedza.
2. Huwandu Hwakawanikwa
Huwandu hunobva muhuwandu hunoumbwa kubva mukubatanidzwa kwehuwandu hwehwaro. Mienzaniso yehuwandu hunobva muhuwandu ndeiyi:
– Kumhanya (mita pasekondi, m/s): Kumhanya ndiko kuchinja kwenzvimbo panguva yeyuniti, kwakagadzirwa se \( v = \frac{d}{t} \).
– Simba (newton, N): Simba chibereko chekurema nekukurumidzisa, chakagadzirwa se \( F = ma \).
– Simba (joules, J): Simba kugona kuita basa, rakagadzirwa se \( E = Fd \).
Chikamu
Zviyero zvinoshandiswa kuratidza huwandu hwemuviri. Sisitimu inonyanya kushandiswa yemayuniti ndiyo International System of Units (SI). Mimwe mienzaniso yemayuniti eSI yakataurwa pamusoro apa. Kukosha kwemayuniti mufizikisi kuve nechokwadi chekuenderana uye kururama mukuyera uye kutaurirana kwemhedzisiro yekuyera.
Kuyera
Kuyera inzira yekuona kukosha kwenhamba yehuwandu hwechinhu uchishandisa mudziyo wekuyera. Maitiro ekuyera anosanganisira zvinhu zvakakosha zvakati wandei:
1. Kururama uye Kunyatsorongeka
– Kururama: Zvinoreva kuti mhedzisiro yekuyera iri pedyo zvakadii nemutengo chaiwo.
- Kunyatsojeka: Zvinoreva kuenderana kwemhedzisiro yekuyera inodzokororwa.
2. Zvishandiso zvekuyera
Midziyo yekuyera inoshandiswa kuyera huwandu hwemuviri uchishandisa mayuniti akakodzera. Mienzaniso yemidziyo yekuyera ndeiyi:
– Mita: Kuyera kureba.
– Zviyero: Kuyera huremu.
– Wachi: Yekuyera nguva.
– Thermometer: Kuyera tembiricha.
– Ammeter: Kuyera magetsi emagetsi.
vector
Vector huwandu hune hukuru uye gwara. Mavector akasiyana nehuwandu hwe scalar, hune hukuru chete. Mienzaniso yehuwandu hwevector isimba, kumhanya, uye kukurumidza. Mavector anowanzo kumiririrwa achishandisa miseve, uko kureba kwemuseve kunomiririra hukuru uye gwara remuseve rinoratidza gwara revector.
1. Mafomura eVector uye Mashandiro
- Kuwedzera Vector
Kuwedzera kwevector kunoitwa uchishandisa nzira yetriangle kana nzira yeparallelogram. Kana mavector maviri \( \vec{A} \) uye \( \vec{B} \) akawedzerwa, mhedzisiro yacho ive vector inobuda \( \vec{R} \):
\[
\vec{R} = \vec{A} + \vec{B}
\]
- Kubvisa Vector
Kubvisa mavector kwakafanana nekuwedzera, asi imwe yemavector inotorwa nenzira yakasiyana. Kana \( \vec{A} \) uye \( \vec{B} \) ari mavector maviri, saka kuderedzwa ndekwekuti:
\[
\vec{R} = \vec{A} – \vec{B} = \vec{A} + (-\vec{B})
\]
- Kuwanzana kweVectors neScalars
Kana vhekitari \( \vec{A} \) yakawedzerwa ne scalar \( k \), saka mhedzisiro yacho ivhekitari itsva \( \vec{B} \) ine hukuru hwakachinja asi divi rimwe chete (kana rakapesana kana \( k \) riri negative):
\[
\vec{B} = k \vec{A}
\]
- Chigadzirwa cheDot
Chigadzirwa chedot chemavector maviri chinoburitsa scalar. Kana \( \vec{A} \) uye \( \vec{B} \) ari mavector maviri, saka chigadzirwa chavo chedot ndeichi:
\[
\vec{A} \cdot \vec{B} = |\vec{A}| |\vec{B}| \cos \theta
\]
Apo \( \theta \) iri kona iri pakati pemaveki maviri.
- Chigadzirwa Chinosiyana
Chigadzirwa che mavector maviri chinoburitsa vector itsva yakatarisana nemavector ese ekutanga. Kana \( \vec{A} \) uye \( \vec{B} \) ari mavector maviri, saka chigadzirwa che cross ndicho:
\[
\vec{A} \times \vec{B} = |\vec{A}| |\vec{B}| \sin \theta \, \hat{n}
\]
Apo \( \theta \) iri kona iri pakati pemavector maviri uye \( \hat{n} \) iri vector yeyuniti yakatarisana nemavector ese ari maviri.
Mashandisirwo muHupenyu hweZuva Nezuva
1. Huwandu uye Zvikamu
Kunzwisisa huwandu uye mayuniti kwakakosha muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Semuenzaniso, patinotenga mafuta emotokari dzedu, tinoshandisa marita kuyera huwandu. Patinenge tichiita maekisesaizi, tinoyera nguva mumasekonzi kana mamineti, uye daro mumamita kana makiromita.
2. Kuyera
Kuyera kwakarurama kwakakosha muzvinhu zvakawanda zvehupenyu, kubva pakubika kusvika pakuvaka. Mukurapa, kuyerwa kwakarurama kwekushisa kwemuviri, BP, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehutano kwakakosha pakuongorora chirwere nemazvo uye kurapwa kunobudirira.
3. Vekitori
Mavector anoshandiswa mumabasa akasiyana-siyana ezuva nezuva, akadai sekufamba netsoka nemitambo. Semuenzaniso, mukufamba nengarava nendege, kutungamira nekumhanya kwengarava kana ndege zvinoverengerwa uchishandisa mavector. Mumitambo yakaita senhabvu kana kupfura nemiseve, kutungamira nesimba rekukanda kana kupfura zvinoongororwawo uchishandisa mavector concepts.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa huwandu, mayuniti, kuyerwa, uye mavector kwakakosha mufizikisi uye muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Huwandu hwemuviri hunotibvumira kuyera nekunzwisisa zviitiko zvechisikigo, nepo mayuniti achipa zviyero zvinoenderana zvekutaurirana mhedzisiro yekuyera. Kuyera kwakarurama uye kwakarurama ndiko kunokosha mukutsvagisa kwesainzi uye mashandisirwo azvo. Mavector, nehukuru hwawo negwara, anotibvumira kutsanangura nekuongorora mafambiro nemasimba zvinobudirira. Nekunzwisisa nekushandisa pfungwa idzi, tinogona kuvandudza kunzwisisa kwedu nyika uye kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo rwakawanda muzvikamu zvakawanda zvehupenyu.
