Maitiro eNyukireya: Kupatsanurwa uye Kusanganiswa
Kuitika kwenyukireya zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinosanganisira shanduko mumaatomu enyukireya uye zvinogona kuburitsa simba rakawanda. Mhando mbiri huru dzekuita kwenyukireya kupatsanuka nekusanganiswa. Kunyange zvazvo dziine hunhu hwakasiyana, dzose dzinoita basa rakakosha mukushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwetekinoroji, kubva pakugadzira simba kusvika kuzvombo zvenyukireya.
Kupatsanurwa kweNyukireya
Tsanangudzo uye Nheyo dzeKushanda
Kupatsanurwa kwenyukireya inzira iyo nucleus yeatomu inorema, yakaita seuranium-235 kana plutonium-239, inopatsanurwa kuita manyuchi maviri madiki, ichiperekedzwa nekuburitswa kwesimba guru. Maitiro aya anogona kutanga nekurova nucleus yeuranium kana plutonium isina kugadzikana ne neutron. Kana nucleus iyi ikatora neutron, inova isina kugadzikana zvakanyanya uye inopatsanurwa kuita manyuchi maviri madiki, anozivikanwa sezvimedu zve fission, ichiburitsa mamwe manyuchi nesimba muchimiro che gamma ne kinetic radiation.
Reactor yeKupwanya Nyukliya
Chinogadzirisa kupatsanurwa kwenyukireya chishandiso chinoshandiswa kudzora kupatsanurwa kukuru kwemasero kuti chigadzire simba. Muchinogadzirisa, mafuta enyukireya—anowanzogadzirwa neuranium kana plutonium—anorongwa nenzira inobvumira kupatsanurwa kwecheni. Kugadzirisa uku kunodzorwa uchishandisa tsvimbo dzinodzora dzinotora manyuturoni uye dzinoderedza mwero wekupatsanurwa kwemasero.
Ma "fission reactors" anoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva pakugadzira magetsi kusvika pakugadzira ma "medical isotopes". Chimwe chezvakanakira zvikuru zve "nuclear fission" kugona kwayo kugadzira simba rakawanda kubva mumafuta mashoma. Zvisinei, inewo matambudziko akati wandei, akadai sedambudziko remarara ane mwaranzi uye njodzi yetsaona dzenyukireya.
Zvakanakira Nezvakaipa
Chinhu chikuru chinobatsira pakugadzira simba remagetsi (fission reactor) ndechekuti rinoita kuti magetsi ashande zvakanaka. Fission reactor inogona kugadzira simba remagetsi rakawanda ichishandisa mafuta mashoma. Uyezve, tekinoroji iyi yagara iripo inoita kuti fission reactors ive sarudzo inokwezva vanhu vanoda simba.
Zvisinei, chipingamupinyi chikuru kugadzirwa kwemarara ane mwaranzi, izvo zvinoda kugadziriswa nekuchengetwa kwenguva yakareba kwakaoma uye kunodhura. Njodzi yetsaona, dzakadai sedzekuChernobyl neFukushima, dzinowedzera kunetseka nezvekuchengetedzeka kwetekinoroji iyi.
Kusanganiswa kweNyukireya
Tsanangudzo uye Nheyo dzeKushanda
Kusanganiswa kwenyukireya inzira iyo maatomu maviri akareruka, akadai sehydrogen isotopes deuterium netritium, anobatana kuti aumbe nucleus inorema, senge helium, nekuburitswa kwesimba rakawanda. Maitiro aya ndiwo manyuko esimba anopa simba nyeredzi, kusanganisira Zuva.
Pakupisa kwakanyanya uye kumanikidzwa, hydrogen nuclei inogona kukunda kudzoserwa kwemagetsi pakati pemaprotoni nefuse. Simba rinoburitswa mukuita uku rinobva mukusiyana kwehukuru pakati pe reactant neproduct nuclei, iyo inoshandurwa kuita simba zvichienderana ne equation yakakurumbira yaAlbert Einstein E=mc^2.
Kuedza Kubatanidza Kutengeserana
Kunyangwe kusanganiswa kwenyukireya kuchikwanisa zvikuru sesimba risingapfuure, risina kabhoni, matambudziko ehunyanzvi ekuwana nekuchengetedza mamiriro akanyanya anodiwa pakusanganiswa kukuru. Tokamaks ne stellarators ndiwo marudzi maviri emidziyo inonyanya kudzidzwa kuti ibudirire mukusanganiswa kwakadzorwa. Tokamak chishandiso chakaita sedonati chinoshandisa masimba emagineti kudzikamisa nekupisa plasma, iyo simba remaatomu nuclei rinodiwa pakusanganiswa.
Imwe yemapurojekiti makuru ekubatanidza zvinhu ari kuitwa parizvino iITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), iyo ine chinangwa chekuratidza kuti kubatanidza zvinhu zvenyukireya kunogona kuva sosi yesimba inoshanda uye yakachengeteka. Zvisinei, matambudziko makuru achiripo, anosanganisira kugadzira zvinhu zvinogona kutsungirira mamiriro akaipisisa uye kudzora kugadzikana kweplasma.
Zvakanakira Nezvakaipa
Chinhu chikuru chinoita kuti fusion ive nesimba risingaperi uye risingakuvadzi nharaunda. Fusion inogadzira marara mashoma ane mwaranzi kupfuura kupatsanurwa uye haiburitse magasi anodziya pasi, zvichiita kuti ive mhinduro yakanaka kumatambudziko esimba kwenguva refu nezvakatipoteredza.
Zvisinei, zvipingamupinyi zvikuru matambudziko makuru ehunyanzvi uye mitengo yakakwira kwazvo yekuwana nekugadzirisa mamiriro ekubatanidza. Tekinoroji yekusanganisa kwakadzorwa ichiri mudiki uye inogona kutora makumi emakore isati yashandiswa mukutengeserana.
Mashandisirwo uye Zvazvinoreva: Kuenzanisa kweFission neFusion
Pafekitori yeMagetsi
Parizvino, ma "fission reactions" chete ndiwo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira magetsi. Zvivako zvemagetsi zvenyukireya zvinopa inenge 10% yemagetsi epasi rose. Kusiyana neizvi, zvivako zvemagetsi zvinosanganisa fusion zvichiri muchikamu chekuedza. Kana tekinoroji yekubatanidza ikabudirira kutengeswa, mukana wekutamisa chikamu chakakura chemagetsi epasi rose kunzvimbo iyi wakakura nekuda kwezvakanaka zvayo.
Mumunda wezvekurapa
Kupatsanurwa kwemasero eropa kunoitawo basa guru mukurapa, kunyanya mukugadzirwa kwema isotopes ane radioactive anoshandiswa mukuongorora nekurapa. Kusiyana neizvi, parizvino hapana mashandisirwo ekurapa ane chekuita nekubatanidzwa kwemasero eropa, sezvo tekinoroji iyi ichiri mudiki.
Environmental Impact
Marara ane mwaranzi anobva mukupatsanurwa kwemvura anokonzera matambudziko makuru ezvakatipoteredza, zvichida nzira dzakachengeteka dzekuchengetedza kwenguva refu uye dzekutarisira. Kusanganiswa, kune rumwe rutivi, kunovimbisa simba rakachena rine marara mashoma, kunyange zvazvo zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mumidziyo yekubatanidza, zvakaita setokamaks, zvinofanirawo kutarisirwa sezvo zvichigona kuva nemwaranzi.
Keselamatan
Kuchengetedzeka ndicho chinhu chikuru chinonetsa mu tekinoroji yenyukireya. Fission reactors dziri panjodzi yetsaona dzakakomba dzenyukireya, sezvakaonekwa muzviitiko zveChernobyl neFukushima. Fusion, nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwakasiyana hwereaction, inoonekwa seyakachengeteka nekuti haina njodzi imwechete yerunaway reaction (uncontrolled chain reaction).
Mhedziso
Kubatana kwenyukireya, kupatsanurwa nekusanganiswa, kunopa mukana mukuru wekuzadzisa zvinodiwa nevanhu mune ramangwana. Kupatsanurwa kwenyukireya kwatove nebasa rakakosha mukuwanikwa kwesimba nemamwe mashandisirwo, kunyangwe kuchitarisana nematambudziko ane chekuita nemarara uye njodzi dzekuchengetedza. Kubatana kwenyukireya, kune rumwe rutivi, kuchiri kutanga munzira yayo yekushandiswa mubhizinesi asi kune simba rekuchinja sesimba risingaperi uye risingakuvadzi zvakatipoteredza.
Mhando mbiri idzi dzemhinduro dzinoratidza kuti kutsvakurudza mufizikisi yenyukireya hakungopi ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pezvinhu zvose asi kunogonawo kugadzira ramangwana resimba revanhu netekinoroji. Nokudaro, kupatsanuka nekusanganiswa kwezvipenyu zvinoda kutariswa zvakanyanya uye mari yakawanda kuti zviwedzere mabhenefiti uye kuderedza njodzi dzinoenderana nekushandiswa kwazvo.
