Kuwedzera Polymerization: Maitiro, Mashandisirwo, uye Mabhenefiti muIndasitiri
Pendauluan
Polymerization inyaya yemakemikari umo mamorekuru madiki emonomer anobatana kuti agadzire macromolecule makuru anozivikanwa semapolymers. Imwe yemhando dzakajairika dzepolymerization ndeyekuwedzera polymerization. Chinyorwa chino chine chinangwa chekutsanangura mashandiro ekutanga ekuwedzera polymerization, mashandisirwo ayo akasiyana-siyana akakosha emaindasitiri, uye zvakanakira zvazvinopa.
Maitiro ekuwedzera ePolymerization
Kuwedzera polymerization, inozivikanwawo se chain polymerization, inzira iyo ma monomers ane ma double bonds kana reactive functional groups anobatana kuburikidza nenhevedzano yekuwedzera reactions kuti aumbe polymer. Maitiro aya anogona kukamurwa kuita matanho matatu makuru: kutanga, kupararira, uye kuguma.
1. Kutanga
Kutanga ndiyo danho rekutanga repolymerization umo ma free radicals kana ma ions anoumbwa semhando dzinoita reactive. Aya ma free radicals anowanzo gadzirwa kuburikidza nekuora kwekupisa kana photochemical kwevatangi vakaita se peroxides kana azo compounds. Semuenzaniso, mukuora kwe peroxides:
\[ ROOR \museve wekurudyi 2RO\cdot \]
Iyo free radical RO• inogona kutanga reaction ne monomer (semuenzaniso, ethylene):
\[ RO\cdot + CH_2=CH_2 \museve werudyi RO-CH_2-CH_2\cdot \]
2. Kupararira
Muchikamu chekupararira, ma free radicals anowanikwa muchikamu chekutanga anosangana nemamwe ma monomers kuti agadzire cheni refu dze polymer. Nguva imwe neimwe free radical inosangana ne monomer itsva, cheni ye polymer inorebeswa:
\[ RO-CH_2-CH_2\cdot + CH_2=CH_2 \museve wekurudyi RO-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2\cdot \]
Maitiro aya anoenderera mberi kusvika mazana kusvika kuzviuru zvemamonomer abatanidzwa kuita cheni refu dzepolymer.
3. Kugumiswa
Kuguma kwechinhu ndicho chikamu chekupedzisira chepolymerization apo kukura kwecheni yepolymer kunomira. Kuguma kwechinhu kunogona kuitika kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai sekubatanidza kana kusabatanidzwa. Pamwe chete, ma free radicals maviri anobatana kuti aumbe polymer molecule imwe chete:
\[ RO-CH_2-CH_2\cdot + \cdot CH_2-CH_2-RO \rightarrow RO-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-RO \]
Mukusiyana kwehuwandu, ma free radicals ari pedyo anochinjana maatomu ehydrogen kuti agadzire mamorekuru maviri asina kuguta:
\[ RO-CH_2-CH_2\cdot + \cdot CH_2-CH_2-RO \rightarrow RO-CH_2-CH_3 + CH_2=CH-RO \]
Mashandisirwo ekuwedzera polymerization
Maitiro ekuwedzera polymerization anoshandiswa kugadzira mapolymer akasiyana-siyana ane mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana mumaindasitiri. Mamwe emashandisirwo makuru anosanganisira mapurasitiki, rabha yekugadzira, uye fibers.
1. Purasitiki
Mapurasitiki ndiwo makemikari makuru anoshandiswa pakuwedzeredza polymerization. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, uye polyvinyl chloride (PVC) mienzaniso yakajairika yemapurasitiki anogadzirwa nekuwedzeredza polymerization:
– Polyethylene (PE): Inoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvemazuva ese zvakaita semabhegi epurasitiki, matoyi evana, uye mabhodhoro ezvinwiwa.
– Polypropylene (PP): Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira fenicha yemumba, kurongedza chikafu, uye zvikamu zvemotokari.
– Polystyrene (PS): Inoshandiswa kugadzira zvinhu zvakaita semidziyo yechikafu, michina yemurabhoritari, uye insulation.
– Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): Inoshandiswa mukugadzira mapaipi, tambo, uye zvinhu zvekuvaka.
2. Rabha rekugadzira
Marabha ekugadzira akadai sepolybutadiene nestyrene-butadiene (SBR) anogadzirwawo kuburikidza nekuwedzera polymerization. Aya marabha ekugadzira anoshandiswa mukugadzira matayi emotokari, shangu, nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zverabha zvakasiyana-siyana.
3. Faibha
Mimwe shinda dzekugadzira dzinoshandiswa muindasitiri yemachira dzinogadzirwawo kuburikidza nekuwedzera polymerization. Mienzaniso inosanganisira acrylic ne polypropylene, izvo zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira mbatya, makapeti, uye mamwe machira.
Mabhenefiti ekuwedzera polymerization
Kuwedzera polymerization kunounza mabhenefiti akawanda anoita kuti ive nepurofiti yakawanda mumashandisirwo emaindasitiri.
1. Kubudirira Kwekugadzira
Kuwedzera polymerization kunobvumira kugadzirwa kwemapolymer makuru ane hutongi hwakanaka pamusoro pehurefu hwecheni uye kugoverwa kwehuremu hwemamorekuru. Maitiro acho anokurumidza uye ari nyore kugadzirisa, ane mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kugadziriswa kuti agadzire mapolymer akasiyana-siyana.
2. Mutengo Wakaderera
Mamonomer anoshandiswa kuwedzera pakuumbwa kwepolymerization anowanzo kuve akachipa uye anowanikwa zvakanyanya. Uyezve, nzira iyi inogona kushandiswa nesimba shoma, zvichibatsira mukushanda zvakanaka kwemaitiro ekugadzira.
3. Kuchinja-chinja kwezvinhu
Kuwedzera polymerization kunogona kugadzira mapolymer ane hunhu hwakasiyana-siyana hwepanyama uye hwemakanika. Nekuchinja mhando yemonomer kana kugadzirisa mamiriro ekuita, vagadziri vanogona kugadzira mapolymer akagadzirirwa zvinodiwa chaizvo.
4. Kugara kwenguva refu uye Kugadzikana
Mapolymer akagadzirwa kuburikidza nekuwedzera polymerization anowanzo dzivirira zvakanyanya zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakatipoteredza, zvinosanganisira tembiricha, makemikari, uye kushushikana kwemuviri. Izvi zvinoita kuti akwanise kushandiswa zvinoda kugara kwenguva refu, zvakaita sezvinhu zvekuvaka nemidziyo yemumaindasitiri.
5. Recyclability
Mapolymer akawanda anowedzera, akadai sepolyethylene nepolypropylene, anogona kushandiswazve, zvichitsigira kuedza kuchengetedza nharaunda uye kuderedza marara ezvakatipoteredza. Izvi zvakakosha zvikuru tichifunga nezvekuwanda kweruzivo rwekukanganiswa kwemarara epurasitiki nenharaunda.
Matambudziko neMhinduro
Pasinei nemabhenefiti akawanda ayo, kuwedzera polymerization kunosanganawo nematambudziko akati wandei anofanirwa kugadziriswa kuti ivandudze kushanda kwayo uye kuchengetedzeka kwayo.
1. Kudzora Hunhu hwePolymer
Kudzora chimiro uye hunhu hwemapolymers anokonzerwa kunowanzo kuve kwakaoma. Vaongorori vanofanirwa kuramba vachigadzira nzira dzekudzora kugoverwa kwehuremu hwemamorekuru uye kurongeka kwemakemikari kuti vawane kushanda kwakanaka.
2. Kukanganiswa Kwezvakatipoteredza
Kugadzirwa kwepolymer kunowanzo kukanganisa nharaunda zvakanyanya. Kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvinobudirira uye matekinoroji asingakuvadzi nharaunda zvinofanirwa kugara zvichivandudzwa kuti kuderedze huwandu hwecarbon hunokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwepolymer.
3. Mabasa Ekugadzirisazve
Kugadzira matekinoroji ekushandisa marara epurasitiki anoshanda zvakanaka uye anobatsira pakugadzirisa marara epurasitiki kwakakosha pakugadzirisa huwandu huri kukura hwemarara epolymer. Kuvandudzwa kwekuronga nekugadzirisa marara epurasitiki kunogona kuita basa guru mukuedza uku.
Mhedziso
Kuwedzera polymerization kunoita basa guru mukugadzirwa kwemapolymer akasiyana-siyana anotsigira zvinhu zvakawanda zvehupenyu hwemazuva ano. Kubva pamapurasitiki nerabha kusvika kumachira, nzira iyi inobvumira kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinobudirira uye zvinodhura. Kunyange zvazvo ichitarisana nematambudziko, kufambira mberi mune tekinoroji nekutsvagisa kunogona kukunda zvipingamupinyi izvi uye kuwedzera mabhenefiti ekuwedzera polymerization. Nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza mashandisirwo uye kugadzirisa maitiro, kuwedzera polymerization kucharamba kuri chinhu chakakosha mumaindasitiri emakemikari nekugadzira, zvichitsigira kushanduka kuenda kunharaunda inogara kwenguva refu.
