Nhaka yeHunhu: Kunzwisisa Nheyo dzeMajini neNhaka yeHunhu
Nhaka ipfungwa huru mubhayoloji inotsanangura kuti hunhu hwemuviri nehumwe hunhu zvinopfuudzwa sei kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa. Kubva pakawanikwa nheyo dzekutanga dzemajini naGregor Mendel muzana remakore rechi19, kunzwisisa kwedu nhaka kwafambira mberi zvakanyanya. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora mashandiro ekutanga enhaka, basa reDNA nemajini, nedzimwe pfungwa dzinokosha mumajini.
Nhanganyaya yeNhaka yeHunhu
Kugara nhaka inzira iyo zvipenyu zvinogara nhaka humwe hunhu kubva kuvabereki vazvo. Izvi zvinosanganisira hunhu hwemuviri hwakadai seruvara rwemaziso uye magadzirirwo ebvudzi, pamwe nezvimwe hunhu zvakaita sengozi yemajini yezvirwere zvakasiyana. Kugara nhaka uku kunonyanya kukonzerwa nemajini, izvo zvinoumba nhaka.
Gregor Mendel neMitemo yeNhaka
Gregor Mendel, mumongi wekuAustria uye musayendisiti, aive piyona mukudzidza nezvemajini. Kuburikidza nekuyedza kwake nemiti yepizi, Mendel akaona maitiro ekutanga ekugara nhaka. Akagadzira mitemo miviri mikuru yemajini: Mutemo weKuparadzanisa uye Mutemo weKupatsanurana Kwakazvimirira.
1. Mutemo weKupatsanura: Munhu wega wega ane ma alleles maviri pajini rega rega, rimwe kubva kumubereki wega wega, uye ma alleles aya anozopatsanurana panguva yekuumbwa kwe gamete. Nokudaro, vana vanowana alleles imwe kubva kumubereki wega wega.
2. Mutemo weKupatsanurwa Kwakasiyana: Majini ehunhu hwakasiyana anogarwa nhaka akazvimiririra, chero bedzi asiri pachromosome imwe chete, kana ari pachromosome imwe chete, akaparadzana zvakakwana kuti apfuure panguva ye meiosis.
DNA, Majini, uye Machromosome
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) ndiyo genetic material inochengetedza ruzivo rwekukura, kukura, uye mashandiro ezvisikwa. DNA inoumbwa netambo mbiri dzakasungirirwa pamwe chete kuti dzigadzire double helix. Majini zvikamu zveDNA zvinonyora mapuroteni kana rumwe ruzivo rwekushanda. Machromosome maumbirwo anoumbwa netambo dzakanyatsobatanidzwa dzeDNA, uye vanhu vane ma chromosomes makumi maviri nematatu musero rega rega.
Nheyo dzeNhaka yeMajini
1. MaAllele neGenotype: Jini rega rega rine mhando mbiri, dzinonzi maallele. Kusanganiswa kwemaallele mumunhu kunosarudza genotype yavo, izvo zvinoita kuti pave ne phenotype - kuratidzwa kwemuviri kwehunhu.
2. Kutonga neKudzoreredza: Maallele anogona kuva anotonga kana kuti anodzoreredza. Maallele anotonga anozviratidza muchimiro che phenotype kana aripo, nepo maallele anodzoreredza anozviratidza chete kana munhu aine makopi maviri eallele iyoyo.
3. Nhaka yeMendelian: Hunhu hunotevera maitiro enhaka yeMendelian hunozivikanwa sehunhu hwemonogenic nekuti hunodzorwa nejini rimwe chete. Mienzaniso inosanganisira ruvara rweruva mukuyedza kwaMendel uye mamwe mamiriro ejini muvanhu, akadai sepolydactyly.
Nhaka Isiri yeMendelian
Pamusoro penzira dzekugara nhaka dzeMendelian, kune mamwe maitiro akawanda akaomarara ekugara nhaka, anozivikanwa senhaka isiri yeMendelian.
1. Kutongana: Muchiitiko ichi, maallele maviri anotonga anogona kuratidzwa zvizere uye panguva imwe chete mu phenotype. Semuenzaniso, rudzi rweropa AB muvanhu.
2. Kutonga Kusina Kukwana: Hunhu uhwu hunoitika kana allele inotonga isingavhari zvachose kuratidzwa kweallele inodzokera kumashure, zvichikonzera chimiro chepakati. Semuenzaniso, maruva matsvuku nemachena anobereka vana vepingi.
3. Nhaka Inobatanidzwa Nebonde: Hunhu hunobatanidzwa nebonde hunhu hunodzorwa nemajini ari pamachromosome ebonde. Mienzaniso yakajairika ihemophilia nekenza yemudumbu, iyo inonyanya kuwanikwa muvarume.
4. Pleiotropy neEpistasis: Pleiotropy inoitika kana jini rimwe richikanganisa hunhu hwakawanda, nepo epistasis ihukama huripo pakati pemajini apo jini rimwe rinogona kukanganisa kana kufukidza mhedzisiro yejini rimwe.
Kupesvedzera Kwezvakatipoteredza Panhaka
Kunyange zvazvo majini achiita basa guru mukugara nhaka hunhu, nharaunda inoitawo basa guru. Zvinhu zvakatipoteredza, zvakaita sekudya kunovaka muviri, chiedza, uye zviitiko zvehupenyu, zvinogona kukanganisa maratidzirwo anoita hunhu hwemajini.
Semuenzaniso, kureba kwemunhu kunokonzerwa nemajini asi zvakare zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nekudya kunovaka muviri uye hutano panguva yekukura. Saizvozvowo, mamwe matambudziko ekugaya anogona kuoneka chete kana paine zvimwe zvinhu zvinokanganisa nharaunda.
Kushandiswa Kwenhaka Yemajini
Kunzwisisa nhaka yehunhu kune zvakawanda zvinobatsira. Mukurapa, majini anogona kubatsira mukuongorora zvirwere zvemajini, kufanotaura njodzi dzehutano, uye kukura kwemishonga yemajini. Mukurima, kusarudza majini kunoshandiswa kugadzira zvirimwa nezvipfuyo zvine hunhu hwakanaka, hwakadai sekudzivirira zvirwere kana goho guru.
Mhedziso
Kugara nhaka hunhu inzira yakaoma inosanganisira kudyidzana pakati pemajini nenzvimbo. Nekufambira mberi mubiology yemamorekuru uye matekinoroji e genomic, tiri kunzwisisa zvakanyanya kuomarara kwenhaka iyi. Tsvagiridzo yemajini iri kuramba ichivhura mikova yezvakawanikwa zvitsva zvinogona kuponesa hupenyu nekuvandudza mhando yehupenyu.
Kufambira mberi kuri kuitwa nekukurumidza munharaunda iyi, uye kuwanikwa kutsva kwega kwega kunotiswededza padyo nekunzwisisa kwakazara kwekuti hupenyu hwakarongeka sei padanho rayo guru. Neruzivo urwu, tinodzidza kwete kuti tiri vanaani chete asiwo kuti tingagadzira sei ramangwana rehupenyu hwevanhu nehutano.
