Kutsauka Kunooneka kweMutemo waMendel
Nhaka yaMendelian, kana kuti misimboti yenhaka yemajini yakatanga kutaurwa naGregor Mendel, inoumba hwaro hwemajini ekare. Mitemo iyi inotsanangura kuti hunhu hunopfuudzwa sei kubva kuvabereki kuenda kuvana, zvichibva papfungwa dzema alleles anotonga uye anodzokera shure. Zvisinei, sezvo kunzwisisa kwedu mamiriro ezvinhu emajini kuchikura, zvinova pachena kuti hupenyu chaihwo hunowanzosiyana nemaitiro aya akareruka aMendelian. Izvi zvinopa chikonzero chekuti titaure kuti 'zvisizvo zvinooneka' kana kuti 'zvisizvo zvinooneka' kumitemo yaMendel.
Pfupiso yeMendelian Genetics
Tisati taongorora mitemo iyi, zvakakosha kuti tiongorore mitemo yaMendel. Mendel akataura zvinhu zvitatu zvikuru zvichibva pane zvaakaedza nemiti yepizi:
1. Mutemo weKupatsanura: Munhu wega wega ane ma alleles maviri ejini, ayo anopatsanurana panguva yekuumbwa kwema gametes.
2. Mutemo weKusiyana-siyana Kwemarudzi: Majini ehunhu hwakasiyana anopatsanurana akasiyana.
3. Mutemo weKutonga: Kana paine ma alleles maviri akasiyana, rimwe rinogona kuvharira kushanda kwerimwe.
Kunyange zvazvo mitemo iyi ichiumba hwaro hwenhaka yemajini, haitsananguri zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu zvinoonekwa munyika yechisikigo.
Hunhu Hwekutsauka Kunooneka
Kutsauka kuri pachena, kana kuti kusawirirana kuri pachena, kunobva mukusangana kwakaoma kwemajini uko mitemo yaMendel isingabatanidzi. Kusawirirana uku kunogona kubva pazvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemajini, zvakatipoteredza, kana epigenetic. Pazasi, tinoongorora zvimwe zvezvisaririra izvi zvakajairika.
Kutonga Kusina Kukwana
Kutonga kusina kukwana kunoitika kana heterozygous phenotype iri pakati pemhando mbiri dzehomozygous phenotypes, pane kuratidza hunhu hunotonga. Muenzaniso wekare iruva reruva mu snapdragons, uko kuyambuka snapdragon dzvuku nechena kunoita kuti pave nevana vane maruva epingi. Chiitiko ichi chinoratidza kuti pfungwa yekutonga dzimwe nguva inogona kuva nepfungwa dzakasiyana kupfuura Mendel akatsanangura pakutanga.
Kutonga
Mu codominance, ma alleles ese ari mumagene maviri anoratidzwa zvizere, zvichikonzera vana vane phenotype inoratidza hunhu hwevabereki. Sisitimu yeboka reropa reABO muvanhu muenzaniso mukuru. Vanhu vane genotype yeIAIB vanoratidza ma antigen ese eA neB pamasero avo matsvuku eropa, zvichiratidza codominance.
MaAllele Akawanda
Kuedza kwaMendel kwakavakirwa zvakanyanya pahunhu hunodzorwa ne alleles mbiri. Zvisinei, majini mazhinji ane alleles dzinopfuura mbiri, dzinozivikanwa se multiple alleles. Sisitimu yeboka reropa reABO inoshanda zvakare semuenzaniso, apo majini anotonga rudzi rweropa ane alleles nhatu huru: IA, IB, uye i.
Epistasis
Epistasis inoitika kana kuratidzwa kwejini rimwe kuchikanganiswa nerimwe kana mamwe majini akawanda, izvo zvinogona kuvhara kana kugadzirisa kushanda kwaro. Izvi zvinogona kutungamira kune phenotypic ratios dzakasiyana nedzakafanotaurwa nemutemo waMendel. Semuenzaniso, ruvara rwemajasi muLabrador retrievers runosanganisira majini maviri: rimwe rinosarudza ruvara rwepigment uye rimwe rinodzora pigment deposition.
Pleiotropy
Pleiotropy inoreva jini rimwe chete rinopesvedzera hunhu hwakawanda hwe phenotypic. Majini akadaro anogona kugadzira musiyano uri pachena kune mitemo yeMendelian nekupesvedzera mativi akasiyana-siyana e phenotype yechisikwa, dzimwe nguva nenzira dzisingaenderane. Muenzaniso iMarfan syndrome muvanhu, uko kushanduka kwemajini kamwe chete kunokanganisa chimiro chemapfupa, hurongwa hwemwoyo, nemaziso.
Nhaka yePolygenic
Hunhu hwakawanda hunowanikwa mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana, zvichireva kuti hunodzorwa nemajini akawanda. Rudzi urwu rwekugara nhaka runotungamira mukusiyana-siyana kuripo mumaitiro, sezvinoonekwa muhunhu hwakadai sehurefu hwemunhu neruvara rweganda. Kugara nhaka mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana hakuenderane zvakanaka nepfungwa dzaMendel, idzo dzinonyanya kutsanangura hunhu hwemajini rimwe chete.
Kubatana kweMajini uye Kubatanidzwazve
Mutemo waMendel weKupatsanurana Kwakazvimirira unofunga kuti majini ari pamachromosome akasiyana kana kuti ari kure nepedyo pachromosome imwe chete. Zvisinei, majini ari pedyo nepedyo pachromosome anogona kugara nhaka pamwe chete, chiitiko chinozivikanwa sekubatana kwemajini. Kubatanidzwazve kunogona kuwedzera kuoma izvi, zvichiunza musanganiswa mutsva weallele, nokudaro zvichigadzira kusiyana kubva pane zvinotarisirwa zveMendelian ratios.
Environmental Migumisiro
Nzvimbo iyi inogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kuratidzwa kwe phenotypic, dzimwe nguva ichivhara kana kuchinja kugona kwemajini. Zvinhu zvakaita sekupisa, kudya kunovaka muviri, uye chiedza zvinogona kuchinja kuratidzwa kwemajini, zvichikonzera shanduko iyo muenzaniso waMendel wemajini hauna kutarisira.
Kudhindwa kweGenomic
Kuiswa kwemajini muzvikamu zvemuviri chinhu chinoitika muzvikamu zvemajini apo mamwe majini anoratidzwa nenzira yakabva kumubereki. Izvi zvinoreva kuti allele inogarwa nhaka kubva kumubereki mumwe inodzimwa nemajini. Majini akadhindwa anogona kukonzera kusiyana kwehunhu zvichienderana nekuti allele inobva kuna amai here kana kuti kuna baba, pfungwa isina kufukidzwa nemitemo yekutanga yaMendel.
mhedziso
Kunyange zvazvo zvakawanikwa naMendel zvakava hwaro hwekunzwisisa kwedu majini, kuomarara kwemajini kunowanzoita kuti pave nekusawirirana nemitemo iyi. 'Kutsauka kwenhema' uku kwakakosha pakunzwisisa kusiyana kwakazara kwenhaka uye phenotypic. Sezvo tsvakiridzo yejini ichifambira mberi, kuomarara kwekusawirirana uku kunoratidza tambo yakadzama yenhaka, ichipesvedzera minda kubva pakurima kusvika kumishonga.
Kunzwisisa izvi zvakasiyana hakungowedzere kunzwisisa kwedu biology chete asiwo kunoita kuti tide kuziva zvakawanda uye tifarire kuongorora hunhu hwekugara nhaka kwemajini hune mativi akawanda. Saka, nepo mitemo yaMendel ichipa hurongwa hwakakosha, kuziva nekudzidza miganhu yavo kuburikidza 'nekutsauka kuri pachena' kunopa mufananidzo wakazara wemajini.
