Kunzwisisa mavhairasi

Mavhairasi zvinhu zvinotapurirana zvisingaonekwe zvakanaka zvinongogona kuberekana mukati memasero mapenyu. Zvinhu zvakasiyana, zvakasiyana nezvimwe zvipenyu, nekuti hazvina chimiro chemasero kana metabolism yazvo uye zvinovimba zvachose nechinhu chinozvigadzira. Kunzwisisa mavhairasi kunosanganisira kuziva chimiro chawo, mhando dzawo, mararamiro aanoita, uye kukanganisa kwaanoita zvinhu zvipenyu nenzvimbo yazvinogara.

Maumbirwo eVirusi

Kazhinji, mavhairasi ane zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: nucleic acid necapsid. Viral nucleic acid inogona kuva DNA kana RNA, iyo inotakura ruzivo rwemajini runodiwa kuti igadzire tupukanana tutsva twevhairasi. Rudzi rwenucleic acid runosarudza zvinhu zvakawanda zvebhayoloji yevhairasi, kusanganisira kuti inotapurira sei masero uye inoberekana sei.

Capsid ipuroteni yakakomberedza nucleic acid uye inoidzivirira kubva mukukuvadzwa. Capsid inoitawo basa rakakosha mukuziva nekubatanidza masero emuviri. Maumbirwo eCapsid anogona kusiyana zvikuru pakati pemavhairasi akasiyana, kubva kuicosahedral (bhora rakaumbwa nematriangles madiki) kusvika kuhelical (spiral).

Mamwe mavhairasi anewo imwe layer inonzi envelope, iyo inoumbwa nemafuta nemapuroteni. Envelope iyi inowanzo torwa kubva ku membrane yemasero emuviri, iyo vhairasi yakawana panguva yekubuda kwayo kubva mumasero emuviri. Mapuroteni ari muenvelope anowanzo batsira vhairasi kuziva nekutapukira masero chaiwo emuviri.

Mhando dzeMavhairasi

Mavhairasi anogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira rudzi rwe nucleic acid yaanotakura, chimiro che capsid yavo, kuvapo kana kusavapo kwe envelopu, uye kutenderera kwehupenyu hwavo. Heano mamwe emhando huru dzemavhairasi:

1. Utachiona hweDNA: Utachiona uhwu hune nucleic acid muchimiro cheDNA. Mienzaniso yemavhairasi eDNA inosanganisira adenoviruses, anokonzera hutachiona hwekufema, uye herpes simplex viruses, anokonzera herpes.
2. Mavhairasi eRNA: Mavhairasi ane nucleic acid muchimiro cheRNA. Mienzaniso inosanganisira mavhairasi efuruwenza, anokonzera furuwenza, uye ma coronavirus, ayo anokonzera COVID-19.
3. Retrovirus: Mavhairasi eRNA anoshandisa enzyme inonzi reverse transcriptase kushandura RNA yavo kuita DNA mushure mekutapukira sero. Muenzaniso ndeweHIV, iyo inokonzera AIDS.
4. Bacteriophage: Mavhairasi anokonzera mabhakitiriya. Ane hupenyu hwakasiyana uye anowanzo shandiswa sezvishandiso mukutsvagisa kwebiology yemamorekuru.

Kutenderera kweHupenyu hweVirusi

Kutenderera kwehupenyu hwehutachiona kunosanganisira matanho makuru akati wandei: kubatana, kupinda mukati, kudzokororwa, kuunganidzwa, uye kuburitswa.

1. Chinobatanidzwa: Mavhairasi anoziva uye anonamatira kune mareceptor chaiwo ari pamusoro pemasero emuviri. Maitiro aya anosarudza zvakanyanya uye anosarudza kuti ndeapi hutachiona hunogona kutapukirwa.
2. Kupinda: Mushure mekunamira, hutachiona kana majini ahwo anopinda musero remuviri. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kusanganiswa kwevhairasi nemembrane yemuviri kana endocytosis, umo sero remuviri rinoputira hutachiona.
3. Kudzokorora uye Kugadzira: Kana yangopinda musero remugadziri, viral nucleic acid inotungamira sero kuti rigadzire zvikamu zvitsva zvehutachiona. Izvi zvinosanganisira kudzokororwa kweviral nucleic acid uye kugadzirwa kwemapuroteni ehutachiona nemidziyo yemasero emugadziri.
4. Kuungana: Zvikamu zvitsva zvehutachiona zvinounganidzwa kuita zvidimbu zvitsva zvehutachiona musero remuviri.
5. Kusunungurwa: Zvidimbu zvitsva zvevhairasi zvinoburitswa kubva musero remugadziri, zvichikonzera kufa kana kuparadzwa kwesero remugadziri. Mavhairasi akaputirwa anowanzo pinda mukati medanho iri, nekutora chikamu chemembrane yesero remugadziri.

Mhedzisiro yeMavhairasi paZvipenyu

Mavhairasi anogona kutapurirana nezvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira vanhu, mhuka, zvirimwa, uye kunyange mabhakitiriya. Zvirwere zvemavhairasi zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yakasiyana-siyana, zvichienderana nehutachiona uye chipenyu chahwo.

Muvanhu nemhuka, mavhairasi anogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva kuzvirwere zvisina kunyanya kuoma senge dzihwa kusvika kune zvakakomba uye zvinouraya zvakaita seHIV/AIDS, Ebola, neCOVID-19. Mamwe mavhairasi, akadai seherpes simplex virus, anogona kukonzera hutachiona hwakavanda hupenyu hwese hunogona kudzoka nguva nenguva.

Muzvirimwa, mavhairasi anogona kukonzera zvirwere zvinoparadza muzvirimwa zvekurima, zvakaita sefodya mosaic nepapaya ringspot. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwehupfumi.

Mabhakitiriya, ayo anokonzera mabhakitiriya, ane mhedzisiro yakaoma. Anogona kudzora huwandu hwemabhakitiriya munharaunda uye anoita basa guru mukuchinja kwezvinovaka muviri. Uyezve, anoshandiswawo mukurapa mabhakitiriya, uko mabhakitiriya anoshandiswa kurapa hutachiona husingaurayiwi nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.

Mabhenefiti uye Mashandisirwo eMavhairasi

Kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kacho ichionekwa senjodzi nekuda kwekugona kwayo kukonzera zvirwere, mavhairasi anewo mabhenefiti akakosha uye mashandisirwo akakosha musainzi netekinoroji.

1. Tsvagiridzo yeBiomedicalMavhairasi anoshandiswa senzira yekudzidza mashandiro emajini uye mashandiro ezvirwere. Semuenzaniso, mavhairasi akashandiswa kunzwisisa kurongeka kwemajini uye kutenderera kwemasero, pamwe nekuona zvinangwa zvinogona kushandiswa pakurapa nemishonga.
2. Kurapa Majini: Mavhairasi akagadziriswa majini anoshandiswa kuendesa majini ekurapa kumasero evarwere. Kurapa majini kwakavakirwa pahutachiona kwakaratidza kubudirira mukurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvemajini, zvinosanganisira muscular dystrophy uye hemophilia.
3. Kugadzirwa kweMajekiseniMavhairasi anowanzo shandiswa senzira dzekugadzira majekiseni. Mamwe majekiseni anoshanda zvikuru, akadai sejekiseni reporiyo nehepatitis B, akagadzirwa achishandisa mavhairasi asina simba kana kuti asina kushanda.
4. Biotechnology neindasitiriMavhairasi anoshandiswawo mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kugadzira ma enzymes nemakemikari. Semuenzaniso, mabhakitiriya anoshandiswa mu biocontrol kudzora mabhakitiriya anokonzera hutachiona mumaindasitiri ezvekudya nekurima.

Matambudziko muKudzora Mavhairasi

Kunyangwe paine kufambira mberi kukuru kwakaitwa mukutsvagisa nekurapa hutachiona, matambudziko akawanda achiripo. Dambudziko guru nderekukura nekukurumidza kwemavhairasi, ayo anogona kugadzira mhando itsva dzinotapukira kana dzisingadi majekiseni nemishonga. Chiitiko ichi chinoonekwa mumavhairasi efuruwenza neSARS-CoV-2, izvo zvakakonzera denda reCOVID-19.

Uyezve, zvirwere zvemhuka, kutapurirana kwemavhairasi pakati pemarudzi, zvine njodzi huru kuhutano hwevanhu nemhuka. Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri kunoda kutariswa kwakanaka, kugadzirwa kwemishonga mitsva yekudzivirira zvirwere, uye mitemo yakakodzera yehutano hweveruzhinji.

Mhedziso

Mavhairasi zvinhu zvakasiyana zvehupenyu zvine basa guru muzvinhu zvipenyu nesainzi. Kunyange zvazvo zvichizivikanwa sezvikonzero zvezvirwere, mavhairasi anewo mashandisirwo anobatsira mukutsvaga netekinoroji. Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemavhairasi, mararamiro awo, uye kudyidzana nevanoatora kucharamba kuchivhura mikana mitsva yekuvandudza marapirwo netekinoroji inogona kuvandudza hutano hwevanhu uye kuchengetedzeka kwezvakatipoteredza.