Mavhairasi zvinhu zvinotapurirana zvisingaonekwe zvakanaka zvinogona kungoberekana mukati memasero mapenyu. Kuberekana kwemavhairasi kwakasiyana kwete chete nenzira iyo zvimwe zvipenyu zvinoberekana nayo, asiwo zvinoenderana nerudzi rwevhairasi uye munhu wavanobata. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura kuti mavhairasi anoberekana sei, chichifukidza matanho makuru ehupenyu hwevhairasi, kusiyana kwenzira dzekubereka pakati pemarudzi akasiyana emavhairasi, uye zvinorehwa nemaitiro aya.
Matanho ehupenyu hwehutachiona
Kutenderera kwehupenyu hwehutachiona kune matanho makuru akati wandei: kubatana, kupinda, kudzokororwa, kuunganidzwa, uye kuburitswa. Kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwemaitiro aya ruchisiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwehutachiona, mavhairasi ese anotevedzera maitiro aya ekubereka.
1. Chinobatanidzwa
Danho rekutanga rehupenyu hwehutachiona ndeyekubatana, uko hutachiona hunoziva uye hunobatana kune mareceptor chaiwo ari pamusoro pesero rinopinda. Mareceptor aya anowanzo kuve mapuroteni kana mamorekuru emacarbohydrate ari mumembrane yesero rinopinda uye anoita mabasa akajairwa mukati mesero. Mavhairasi akashanduka kuti azive mareceptor aya uye azvibatanidze nehukama hwakakura.
Muenzaniso: Virusi reHIV rinoziva uye rinonamira pamapuroteni eCD4 neCCR5 kana CXCR4 ari pamusoro pemasero eT evanhu, ayo ari chikamu chesystem yekudzivirira muviri.
2. Kupinda
Mushure mekunamira pasero remugadziri, hutachiona kana majini ahwo anofanira kupinda musero remugadziri. Kune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekupinda zvichienderana nerudzi rwehutachiona:
- Kusanganiswa kweMembrane: Mavhairasi ane mavhairasi emafuta, akadai seHIV nefuruwenza, anogona kubatanidza mavhairasi awo nemembrane yesero rinopinda mumuviri, zvichibvumira majini evhairasi kupinda musero.
- Endocytosis: Mavhairasi mazhinji asina kuvharwa, akadai seadenoviruses, anopinda mumasero emuviri kuburikidza nemaitiro e endocytosis, umo sero remuviri rinoputira hutachiona mu vesicle.
- Jekiseni: Mamwe mabhakitiriya anobaya DNA yawo zvakananga mumabhakitiriya kuburikidza nemisero yawo ye phage.
3. Kudzokorora uye Kugadzira
Kana yangopinda musero remugadziri, hutachiona hunotanga kushandisa michina yemasero emugadziri kuti iite magene ayo uye kugadzira mapuroteni ehutachiona. Maitiro aya anosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwehutachiona:
- Utachiona hweDNA: Mavhairasi eDNA, akadai seadenoviruses, anoshandisa maenzymes eDNA replication emusero we ...
- Mavhairasi eRNA: Mavhairasi eRNA, akadai sefuruwenza, anotakura enzyme yawo inonzi RNA-dependent RNA polymerase kuti aite RNA yehutachiona.
- Retrovirus: Mavhairasi emudumbu, akadai seHIV, anoshandisa enzyme reverse transcriptase kushandura RNA yehutachiona kuita DNA, iyo inozobatanidzwa mu genome yemasero emuviri kuburikidza ne enzyme integrase.
4. Kuungana
Mushure mekudzokororwa uye kugadzirwa, zvikamu zvitsva zvehutachiona zvinounganidzwa kuita zvidimbu zvitsva zvehutachiona. Maitiro aya anosanganisira kusanganiswa kwe viral nucleic acid nemapuroteni ecapsid uye, mune dzimwe nguva, kuumbwa kwe lipid envelope nemapuroteni eenvelope.
5. Kusunungurwa
Danho rekupedzisira rehupenyu hwehutachiona kuburitswa kwezvikamu zvitsva zvehutachiona kubva musero remuviri. Maitiro ekuburitswa kwehutachiona anoenderana nerudzi rwehutachiona:
- Kuongororwa Kwemasero: Mavhairasi mazhinji asina kuvharwa, akadai se bacteriophage T4, anokonzera kuti sero remugadziri ribude (lysis) kuti riburitse tupukanana tutsva twevhairasi.
- Kubuda kweropa muropa: Mavhairasi ane mavharuvhu, akadai seHIV nefuruwenza, anowanzoburitswa kuburikidza nemaitiro anonzi exocytosis kana budding, umo zvidimbu zvevhairasi zvinobuda musero remuviri pasina kuriparadza.
Kusiyana kweMaitiro Ekubereka Mavhairasi
Kunyangwe maitiro ekutanga ekuberekana kwehutachiona achitevera matanho akatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, pane musiyano wakakura pakati pemarudzi akasiyana emavhairasi mumaitiro awo ekubereka. Heano mimwe mienzaniso yemusiyano uyu:
1. Bacteriophage
Mabhakitiriya, kana kuti maphage, mavhairasi anokonzera mabhakitiriya. Ane maitiro maviri makuru ehupenyu: lytic uye lysogenic.
- Kutenderera kweLytic: Muchikamu che lytic, ma phage anotora mashandiro emasero ebhakitiriya kuti agadzire tupukanana tutsva twehutachiona, zvichizopedzisira zvaita kuti masero ebhakitiriya abude uye kuti pave netupukanana tutsva twe phage.
- Kutenderera kweLysogenic: Muchikamu che lysogenic, phage DNA inosanganiswa mu genome rebhakitiriya uye inodzokororwa pamwe chete neDNA rebhakitiriya. Phage inoramba yakanyarara kusvika yakonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu akati kuti ipinde muchikamu che lytic.
2. Utachiona hweRetrovirus
Mavhairasi emudumbu, seHIV, ane hupenyu hwakasiyana hunosanganisira kubatanidzwa kweDNA yehutachiona mugenome yesero remuviri. Izvi zvinobvumira hutachiona kuvanda mukati megenome remuviri uye kuberekana pamwe chete neDNA remuviri, zvichikonzera hutachiona husingaperi hunonetsa kurapa.
3. Mavhairasi eRNA ane Negative Polarity
Mavhairasi eRNA ane polarity isina kunaka, akadai semavhairasi efuruwenza, anotakura enzyme yawo yeRNA polymerase kuti igadzire RNA ine positive-negative (mRNA) kubva kuma genomes avo eRNA ane negative-negative. Izvi zvakasiyana nemavhairasi eRNA ane polarity isina kunaka, ayo ma genomes anogona kushandiswa zvakananga se mRNA ne ribosomes dzemasero emumba.
Migumisiro yeKuberekana kweMavhairasi
Maitiro ekuberekana kwemavhairasi ane zvazvinoreva zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakosha pahutano hwevanhu, mhuka nemiti, pamwe chete nehupenyu hwese.
1. Zvirwere neMatenda
Kuberekana kwemavhairasi nekukurumidza uye nekubudirira kunogona kukonzera kupararira kwezvirwere uye denda. Muenzaniso wakajeka zvikuru ndewedenda reCOVID-19 rinokonzerwa nehutachiona hweSARS-CoV-2. Kukwanisa kwehutachiona kukura nekukurumidza uye kupararira pakati pevanhu kunoita kuti huve njodzi huru kuhutano hwevanhu.
2. Kusagona Kurapwa Nemishonga
Kuchinja-chinja kunoitika panguva yekuberekana kwehutachiona kunogona kukonzera kubuda kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ehutachiona husingarapike nemishonga. Iri idambudziko guru mukurapa hutachiona hwakadai seHIV nehepatitis C, uko marudzi akasiyana-siyana asingarapike anogona kuderedza kushanda kwemishonga inorwisa mavhairasi.
3. Kurapa Majini uye Majekiseni
Kunzwisisa nzira dzekuberekana kwehutachiona kwakabatsira pakugadzirwa kwemishonga yemajini nemajekiseni. Mavhairasi akagadziriswa anogona kushandiswa kuendesa majini ekurapa kumasero evarwere, uye majekiseni ehutachiona akaderedzwa kana asina kushanda anogona kukurudzira mhinduro yekudzivirira muviri pasina kukonzera chirwere.
Mhedziso
Kubereka hutachiona inzira yakaoma inosanganisira kudyidzana kwakasimba pakati pemavhairasi nemasero emuviri. Kunyange zvazvo paine kusiyana kwenzira dzekubereka pakati pemarudzi akasiyana emavhairasi, mavhairasi ese anotevera maitiro ekutanga ekubatanidza, kupinda, kudzokororwa, kuunganidzwa, uye kuburitswa. Kunzwisisa kwakakwana maitiro aya kwakakosha pakugadzira nzira dzinoshanda dzekudzora hutachiona, kurapa zvirwere zvehutachiona, uye kushandisa mavhairasi mukushandiswa kunobatsira kwebiotechnology. Kubereka hutachiona hakungoratidzi zvishamiso zvezvisikwa chete asi kunotikurudzirawo kuti tirambe tichitsvaga mhinduro itsva dzekutyisidzira kwehutachiona mune ramangwana.
