Tsanangudzo uye Maumbirwo ePolymers
MaPolymer mamorekuru akaumbwa nemayuniti akawanda akareruka anodzokororwa, anozivikanwa semamonomer, akabatanidzwa pamwe chete ne covalent bonds. Izwi rekuti "polymer" rinobva pamashoko echiGiriki ekuti "poly," zvichireva kuti "many," uye "meros," zvichireva kuti "part" kana kuti "unit." MaPolymer anogona kunge ari echisikigo kana kuti akagadzirwa nevanhu, uye anoita basa rakakosha muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva.
Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura kuti mapolymer chii, kupatsanurwa kwawo, chimiro chawo, uye hunhu hwemuviri nemakemikari zvinoita kuti ave akakosha zvikuru mumabasa akasiyana-siyana emaindasitiri nemabhizimisi.
Kunzwisisa MaPolymers
Polymer ikemikari ine chimiro chikuru chemamorekuru chinoumbwa nekudzokororwa kwemayuniti akawanda emonomer. Mamonomer mamorekuru madiki anogona kuita kuti pave nemayuniti anodzokororwa mucheni yepolymer. Maitiro aya ekubatanidza anozivikanwa sepolymerization.
Mapolymer anogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita sekwakabva (zvakasikwa kana zvekugadzira), chimiro (chakatwasuka, chakachekwa, kana network), uye hunhu hwepanyama (thermoset, thermoplastic, kana elastomer).
1. MaPolymers echisikigo: Mienzaniso inosanganisira mapuroteni, cellulose, uye rabha yechisikigo. Anowanikwa muzvisikwa uye anogadzirwa nezvinhu zvipenyu kuburikidza nemaitiro ehupenyu.
2. Mapolymer ekugadzira: Mienzaniso inosanganisira polyethylene, polypropylene, uye polyvinyl chloride. Anogadzirwa mumarabhoritari kana mafekitori achishandisa nzira dzemakemikari dzepolymerization.
Maumbirwo ePolymer
Mapolymer anogona kuva nemhando dzakasiyana dzemaumbirwo anokanganisa hunhu hwawo. Mhando nhatu huru dzemaumbirwo ndedzinotevedzana, dzakapatsanurwa, uye dzine network (kana kuti dzine mativi matatu).
1. Linear Polymers: Muma polymers akatsetseka, ma monomers anobatana kuti aumbe cheni refu, dzakatwasuka. Ma polymers aya anowanzo nyungudika mune zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa uye anoratidza hunhu hwe thermoplastic, zvichireva kuti anogona kunyungudika uye kuumbwa patsva. Mienzaniso yema polymers akatsetseka inosanganisira polyethylene ne polypropylene.
2. MaPolymer Akakura: Zvivako zvepolymer zvine matavi zvine cheni huru ine matavi akabatana. Matavi aya anokanganisa huwandu uye kristallinity yepolymer. Muenzaniso wepolymer ine matavi iamylopectin mu starch, iyo inopa viscosity yakaderera mumushonga.
3. MaPolymer eNetwork kana Three-Dimensional (3D): Pano, cheni dzepolymer dzinoumba network ine mativi matatu kuburikidza nekubatanidza pakati pecheni. MaPolymer aya enetwork anowanzo kuoma, akaomarara, uye haagone kunyungudutswa kana angoumbwa. Mienzaniso yemaPolymer ane mativi matatu iepoxy resin nebakelite.
Kurongeka Kunobva Pazvinhu Zvinoumba Hunhu Hwako
1. Thermoplastics: Mapolymer anogona kupfaviswa nekudziya uye kuomeswa nekutonhodza. Anogona kuchinjwazve kakawanda pasina kurasikirwa nehunhu hwawo hwekutanga. Mienzaniso inosanganisira polyethylene nepolystyrene.
2. Kuisa Thermosetting: Mapolymer aya anochinja-chinja makemikari zvachose kana apiswa kekutanga uye haagone kunyoroveswa nekudziyazve. Kazhinji akasimba uye haapise kupisa kupfuura mathermoplastics. Mienzaniso yemathermosets iBakelite nemelamine.
3. MaElastomer: MaElastomer mapolymer ane elasticity yakanyanya, anokwanisa kudzokera kuchimiro chawo chepakutanga mushure mekunge strain kana deformation yabviswa. Rabha yechisikigo nesilicone mienzaniso ye elastomers.
Makemikari uye Zvimiro zvePolymers
Hunhu hwemakemikari nehunhu hwemapolymer hunoita basa rakakosha pakusarudza mashandisirwo azvo mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana. Hunhu hwakakosha hunosanganisira:
1. Kuwanda: Kunokanganisa huremu nesimba rechinhu chacho. Mapolymer ane density shoma anowanzo kuve akareruka uye anochinjika zviri nyore.
2. Nzvimbo Inonyunguduka uye Nzvimbo Inofashaira: Tembiricha iyo polymer inotanga kunyunguduka kana kufashaira inoratidza kugadzikana kwepolymer pakupisa.
3. Simba reMichina: Rinosanganisira simba rekudhonza, kuramba kudhonza, kuomarara, uye kusimba. Hunhu uhwu hunoratidza kugona kwepolymer kutsungirira mitoro nekumanikidzwa.
4. Kudzivirira Kupisa Uye Moto: Mamwe mapolymer akagadzirwa kuti agare mumamiriro ekupisa kwakanyanya asingaori kana kutsva.
5. Kusashanda kwemakemikari: Kugona kwepolymer kutsungirira kurwiswa kwemakemikari kubva kune zvakasiyana-siyana (senge acids, alkalis, uye solvents) pasina kuchinja hunhu kana chimiro.
Mashandisirwo ePolymer
Nekuda kwekusiyana kwehunhu hwavo, mapolymer anoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa:
1. Indasitiri yeMapurasitiki: Mapolymer eThermoplastic akadai sepolyethylene nepolypropylene anoshandiswa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvakasiyana-siyana kubva kumabhodhoro nemabhegi kusvika kuzvinhu zvemotokari.
2. Zvekurapa: Mapolymers anoenderana nemuviri akadai sepolyethylene glycol uye poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) anoshandiswa mukurapa senge maimplants, zvishandiso zvekurapa, uye mishonga inoburitswa kwenguva refu.
3. Machira: Machira ePolymer akadai senylon, polyester, uye acrylic anoshandiswa kugadzira machira, mbatya, nezvimwe zvinhu zvemachira.
4. Kurongedza: Mapolymer anochinjika uye anogara kwenguva refu akadai sepolyvinyl chloride (PVC) uye polyethylene terephthalate (PET) anowanzo shandiswa pakurongedza chikafu, zvinwiwa, nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvevatengi.
5. Magetsi: Mapolima ekufambisa magetsi ari kugadzirwa kuti ashandiswe mumagetsi anochinjika, maseru ezuva, uye mabhatiri.
Mukupedzisa, mapolymer zvinhu zvinokosha uye zvinoshanda zvakawanda zvinotsigira matekinoroji akawanda nezvigadzirwa zvatinoshandisa zuva nezuva. Nekufambira mberi kuri kuitwa mutekinoroji yepolymer, tinogona kutarisira kuti zvinhu izvi zvirambe zvichitamba basa rakakosha mukuvandudza maindasitiri uye kufambira mberi kwevanhu.
Penutup
MaPolymer zvinhu zvinonakidza zvine maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana uye hunhu, zvichiita kuti zvikwanise kushandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemashandisirwo, kubva papurasitiki yemazuva ese kusvika kumatekinoroji epamusoro. Kunzwisisa zvakakwana maumbirwo uye hunhu hwemaPolymer ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakuvandudza hunyanzvi uye kugadzira zvinhu zvinoshanda uye zvinogara kwenguva refu.
