Kugadzika kwemaerekitironi ipfungwa inokosha mukemistri inotsanangura kugoverwa kwemaerekitironi mukati meatomu kana molekyuru. Kunzwisisa magadzirirwo emaerekitironi kunobvumira masayendisiti kufanotaura hunhu hwemakemikari nemuviri hwechinhu kana compound. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura misimboti yekutanga yekugadzika kwemaerekitironi, kuti maerekitironi akarongwa sei muorbitals, uye kukosha kwawo mukemistri.
Nheyo dzekutanga dzekugadzirisa maerekitironi
Magadzirirwo emaerekitironi anotsanangura kuti maerekitironi anogoverwa sei pakati pemaatomu anotenderera. Mimwe misimboti huru inodzora magadzirirwo emaerekitironi ndeiyi Aufbau Principle, iyo Pauli Exclusion Principle, uye Hund's Rule.
Nheyo yeAufbau
Mutemo weAufbau, unoreva "kuvaka" muchiGerman, unoti maerekitironi anozadza maorbital ane simba rakaderera kutanga asati azadza maorbital ane simba rakakwirira. Izvi zvinoreva kuti maerekitironi anozadza orbital ye1s isati yasvika 2s orbital, uye orbital ye2s isati yasvika 2p orbital, zvichingodaro. Kurongeka kwesimba reorbital kunotevera dhayagiramu yeAufbau, iyo inoratidza kurongeka kwesimba reorbital.
Nheyo yeKusabatanidzwa kwaPauli
Mutemo wePauli Exclusion Principle, wakakurudzirwa naWolfgang Pauli, unoti hapana maerekitironi maviri muatomu anogona kuva nenhamba ina dzequantum dzakafanana. Nhamba idzi dzequantum ndidzo nhamba huru yequantum (n), nhamba yeazimuthal quantum (l), nhamba yemagnetic quantum (m), uye nhamba yespin quantum (s). Nemamwe mashoko, orbital yega yega inogona kugamuchira maerekitironi maviri ane ma spins akasiyana.
Mutemo waHund
Mutemo waHund unoti kune ma "orbital" ane simba rakaenzana (degenerate), ma "electron" anozadza "orbital" yega yega ne "electron" imwe chete asati abatana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mu "p subshell" ine "orbital" nhatu, "orbital" yega yega ichazadzwa ne "electron" imwe chete isati yabatana. Mutemo uyu unoderedza kudzongonyedzwa pakati pema "electron" nekuita kuti asabatana sezvinobvira.
Kunyora Magadzirirwo eElectron
Magadzirirwo emaerekitironi akanyorwa uchishandisa notation inoratidza huwandu hwemaerekitironi mu orbital yega yega. Notation iyi inosanganisira principal quantum number (n), orbital type (s, p, d, f), uye huwandu hwemaerekitironi mu orbital iyoyo mu superscript.
Mienzaniso Yekugadzirisa Maerekitironi
Muenzaniso wekunyora magadzirirwo emaerekitironi ezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana:
1. Hydrogen (H), Atomu Nhamba 1:
– Kugadziriswa: 1s¹
2. Helium (He), Atomu Nhamba 2:
- Kugadziriswa: 1s²
3. Kabhoni (C), Nhamba yeAtomu 6:
– Kugadziriswa: 1s² 2s² 2p²
4. Neon (Ne), Atomic Number 10:
– Kugadziriswa: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶
5. Sodium (Na), Atomic Number 11:
– Kugadziriswa: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹
Kushandisa Noble Gas Notation
Kune zvinhu zvine maatomu akawanda, magadzirirwo emaerekitironi anowanzo nyorwa muchimiro chakapfupikiswa uchishandisa noble gas notation. Magasi anoyera zvinhu zviri muboka rechi18 retafura yeperiodic zvine magadzirirwo akazara emaerekitironi mugoko rawo rekunze. Runyoro urwu runoshandisa chiratidzo chegasi rinoyera riri pamberi riri mumabhuraketi akaenzana richiteverwa negadziriso yemamwe maerekitironi.
1. Magnesium (Mg), Atomu Nhamba 12:
– Kugadziriswa: [Ne] 3s²
2. Chlorine (Cl), Atomic Number 17:
– Kugadziriswa: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁵
3. Potassium (K), Atomu Nhamba 19:
– Kugadziriswa: [Ar] 4s¹
4. Simbi (Fe), Nhamba yeAtomu 26:
– Kugadziriswa: [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²
MaOrbitals uye Subshells
Maerekitironi akakomberedza nucleus yeatomu muma orbital akarongwa mumagoko nema subshells. Orbital yega yega ine chimiro nesimba rakasiyana, uye inogona kugamuchira maerekitironi maviri ane ma spins akatarisana.
Goko reElectron
Magoko eelektroni anoonekwa nenhamba huru yequantum (n) uye anoenderana nemazinga esimba guru. Magoko aya akanyorwa kuti K, L, M, N, zvichingodaro, izvo zvinoenderana ne n = 1, 2, 3, 4, zvichingodaro. Goko rega rega rinogona kutakura huwandu hwakanyanya hwemaerekitironi hunotsanangurwa nefomura 2n².
– Goko reK (n=1) rinogona kubata maerekitironi maviri chete.
– Goko reL (n=2) rinogona kutakura maerekitironi masere.
– Goko reM (n=3) rinogona kutakura maerekitironi anodarika gumi nemasere.
Subshells uye Orbitals
Goko rega rega rine magoko madiki, akanyorwa kuti s, p, d, f. Magoko aya ane maumbirwo akasiyana ekutenderera uye kugona kwakasiyana kwekubata maerekitironi:
– Subshell s: Ine orbital imwe chete, inogona kutakura maerekitironi maviri.
– p subshell: Ine ma orbitals matatu, inogona kutakura maerekitironi anosvika matanhatu.
– Subshell d: Ine ma orbitals mashanu, inogona kutakura maerekitironi anosvika gumi.
– Subshell f: Ine ma orbitals manomwe, inogona kutakura maerekitironi anosvika gumi nemana.
Kukosha kweKugadzika kweElectron
Kurongeka kwemaerekitironi kwakakosha zvikuru pakuona hunhu hwemakemikari nemuviri hwechinhu. Zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvinopesvedzerwa nekurongeka kwemaerekitironi ndeizvi:
1. Hunhu hweMakemikoro uye Kuchinja-chinja
Hunhu hwemakemikari hwechinhu hunonyanya kukanganiswa nekugadzirwa kwemaerekitironi ari mugoko rayo rekunze, anonzi maerekitironi evalence. Maerekitironi evalence anoona kuti chinhu chichabatana sei uye chichabatana sei nezvimwe zvinhu. Semuenzaniso, zvinhu zviri muBoka 1 retafura yeperiodic (alkali metals) zvine electron imwe chete yevalence inorasika nyore nyore, zvichiita kuti iite reactive zvakanyanya uye ive nyore kugadzira maion ane positive charged.
2. Kuumbwa kweZvisungo zveMakemikari
Magadzirirwo emaerekitironi anosarudzawo mhando dzemakemikoro anogona kuumbwa nechinhu. Semuenzaniso, kabhoni ine maerekitironi mana evalence anogona kuumba marekitironi mana ecovalent nemamwe maatomu, zvichibvumira kuti igadzire mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemakemikari akaomarara.
3. Zvimiro zvemuviri
Hunhu hwemuviri hwakadai senzvimbo yekunyunguduka, nzvimbo yekufashaira, uye kufambisa magetsi zvinokanganiswawo nemagadzirirwo emaerekitironi. Semuenzaniso, simbi dzinoshanduka dzine maerekitironi asina kuzadzwa zvakakwana, izvo zvinodzipa hunhu hwakadai sekufambisa magetsi kwakawanda uye kugona kugadzira ma alloys.
4. Atomic Spectrum
Magadzirirwo emaerekitironi anosarudza atomu remagetsi, inova ndiyo patani yemitsara yemagetsi inogadzirwa kana maerekitironi ari mukuchinja kweatomu pakati pemazinga akasiyana esimba. Iyi spectrum chishandiso chakakosha mu spectroscopy yekuona zvinhu uye kudzidza chimiro chemaatomu.
5. Kugadzikana uye Mafambiro eIsotopes
Magadzirirwo emaerekitironi anokanganisawo kugadzikana kwenucleus yechinhu uye maitiro acho ekuumba isotopes. Zvinhu zvine goko rekunze rakazara zvinowanzova zvakagadzikana uye zvisingashande zvakanyanya, nepo zvinhu zvine goko rekunze risina kukwana zvinowanzova zvakagadzikana uye zvine maitiro ekurasikirwa kana kuwana maerekitironi kuti zvigadzikane.
Mhedziso
Kugadzika kwemaerekitironi ipfungwa huru mukemistri inotsanangura kuti maerekitironi anogoverwa sei mukati meatomu. Nheyo huru dzakadai seAufbau Principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle, uye Hund's Rule dzinotibatsira kunzwisisa kuzadzwa kwemaorbital nemaerekitironi. Kugadzika kwemaerekitironi kunokanganisa hunhu hwakasiyana hwemakemikari nemuviri hwechinhu, kusanganisira reactivity, chemical bond formation, uye atomic spectra. Kunzwisisa kugadzika kwemaerekitironi kunotibvumira kufanotaura maitiro ezvinhu nemakomponi mumaitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari uye mashandisirwo etekinoroji. Kunzwisisa uku hakungokoshi mukemistri chete asiwo kune zvakunoreva zvakawanda mufizikisi, biology, uye sainzi yezvinhu.
