Kupatsanurwa kweMahydrocarbon
Mahydrocarbon zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinoumbwa nemaatomu ekabhoni (C) nehydrogen (H). Ndiwo maatomu makuru emafuta epasi akadai sepetroleum, gasi rechisikigo, uye marasha. Kunzwisisa kupatsanura mahydrocarbon kwakakosha nekuti anoita basa rakakosha mumakemikari ezvisikwa uye kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakemikari. Mahydrocarbon anogona kuiswa mumapoka maviri makuru zvichienderana nechimiro chawo chemamorekuru: aliphatic hydrocarbons uye aromatic hydrocarbons. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora kupatsanura uku, zvikamu zvavo, uye mienzaniso nehunhu hwechimwe nechimwe.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic hydrocarbons ihydrocarbons dzine mamorekuru akarongwa mumaketani akavhurika (akatsetseka kana kuti ane matavi) kana mumhete dzisina kunhuhwirira.
1. MaAlkanes
Maumbirwo uye Zvivakwa
MaAlkanes mahydrocarbon akaguta ane chisungo chimwe chete pakati pemaatomu ekabhoni. Anomiririrwa nefomura yakajairika yeCnH2n+2. Atomu yega yega ekabhoni iri mualkane inosungirirwa kune mamwe maatomu mana. Mienzaniso yakapusa yemaalkanes imethane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), uye propane (C3H8).
MaAlkanes anowanzo shanda zvishoma pane mamwe marudzi emahydrocarbon nekuti mabhondi ese ecarbon-carbon ibhondi imwe chete ye σ (sigma), iyo yakasimba uye yakagadzikana. Haasi polar uye haanyungudike zvakanaka mumvura, asi anonyungudika mu organic solvents dzakadai se ether ne chloroform.
Mienzaniso uye Mashandisirwo
– Methane (CH4) inoshandiswa semafuta makuru mugasi rechisikigo.
– Propane (C3H8) inoshandiswa mugasi rine liquefied (LPG) pakubika nekudziisa.
2. MaAlkenes
Maumbirwo uye Zvivakwa
MaAlkenes mahydrocarbon ane chisungo chimwe chete pakati pemaatomu ekabhoni. Fomura yavo yese ndeye CnH2n. Chisungo ichi chinoita kuti maalkenes ave nyore kushandisa kupfuura maalkanes nekuda kwechisungo cheπ (pi) chisina kusimba. Mienzaniso yemaalkenes iethylene (C2H4) uye propylene (C3H6).
MaAlkenes anoratidza hunhu hwekuwedzera, uko double bond inogona kuvhura nekuwedzera maatomu matsva, sezvakaita muhydrogenation kana halogenation reactions.
Mienzaniso uye Mashandisirwo
– Ethylene (C2H4) inoshandiswa mukugadzira polyethylene, ipurasitiki inowanikwa zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
– Propylene (C3H6) chinhu chinoshandiswa muindasitiri kugadzira polypropylene, ipurasitiki inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemapurasitiki.
3. MaAlkynes
Maumbirwo uye Zvivakwa
MaAlkynes mahydrocarbon ane chisungo chetatu pakati pemaatomu maviri ekabhoni. Fomura yavo yakajairika ndeye CnH2n-2. Kufanana nemaalkenes, anonyanya kuita basa nekuda kwekuvapo kwezvisungo zveπ zvisina kusimba. Mienzaniso yakajairika ndeye ethylene (C2H2) uye propylene (C3H4).
MaAlkynes ane hunhu hwakasiyana mukuwedzera maitiro, akadai sehydrogenation reactions iyo inogona kugadzira alkenes kana alkanes.
Mienzaniso uye Mashandisirwo
– Ethylene (C2H2) kana kuti inozivikanwa zviri nani seacetylene, inowanzoshandiswa mukunamira nekucheka nekuti marimi ayo anopisa zvikuru.
Mahydrocarbon anotenderera
Mahydrocarbon anotenderera (cyclic hydrocarbons) mahydrocarbon ane maatomu ecarbon anoumba cheni kana denderedzwa rakavharwa. Mahydrocarbon anotenderera (cyclic hydrocarbons) anogona kunge akaguta (cycloalkanes) kana asina kuguta (cycloalkenes).
1. MaCycloalkanes
MaCycloalkanes mahydrocarbon ane cheni dzekabhoni dzakaita sedenderedzwa dzine mabhondi mamwechete chete. Ane fomura yakajairika yeCnH2n, kusiyana nema alkanes akatsetseka.
Mienzaniso uye Mashandisirwo
– Cyclohexane (C6H12) inoshandiswa sechinhu chisiri chepolar solvent uye inoshandiswawo mukugadzira caprolactam, iyo inoshandiswa kugadzira nylon.
2. MaCycloalkenes
MaCycloalkenes mahydrocarbon ane bond rimwe kana kupfuura mu ring structure yawo. Anoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura macycloalkanes nekuda kwekuvapo kwemabond maviri.
Mienzaniso uye Mashandisirwo
– Cyclohexene (C6H10), inofanana nehexene yakatenderera, inoshandiswa mumakemikari ekugadzira.
Mahydrocarbon Anonhuhwirira
Mahydrocarbon anonhuhwirira anozivikanwa nekugadzikana kwawo kwakanyanya nekuda kwechimiro chawo che resonance ring, icho chinowanzo kuve nemaatomu matanhatu ekabhoni. Chimiro chakajairika ibenzene, ine fomura C6H6.
1. Benzene neZvinobva mairi
Maumbirwo uye Zvivakwa
Benzene ndiyo hydrocarbon inonhuhwirira iri nyore ine fomura C6H6. Maatomu ekabhoni ari mubenzene anoita rin'i ine chimiro chakarongwa, atomu yega yega ekabhoni yakabatana neatomu imwe chete yehydrogen.
Kuchinja-chinja uye Mashandisirwo
Benzene yakagadzikana zvikuru nekuda kwekuchinja kwe maerekitironi eπ muchimiro che resonance che ring yebenzene. Nokudaro, benzene nezvinhu zvinobva mairi zvinowanzo shandiswa sezvinhu zvekugadzira mishonga yakawanda, kusanganisira mishonga, mapurasitiki, uye madhayi.
2. Mahydrocarbon ePolyaromatic
Mahydrocarbon ePolyaromatic ane mhete mbiri kana kupfuura dzakasanganiswa dzinonhuhwirira. Anowanzo kuwanikwa muzvinhu zvisina kupiswa zvakakwana zvezvinhu zvakasikwa, zvakaita seutsi hwefodya uye utsi hwemotokari.
Mienzaniso uye Mashandisirwo
– Naphthalene (C10H8) muenzaniso wakajairika wehydrocarbon yakawanda inoshandiswa mukugadzira madhayi nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene.
Isomerism muHydrocarbons
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza pakudzidza mahydrocarbon ipfungwa ye isomerism, uko mamorekuru ane fomura imwe chete yemakemikari anogona kuva nemaumbirwo akasiyana. Isomerism inogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana, zvinosanganisira:
1. MaIsomer ekuvaka
MaIsomer echimiro (Structural isomers) imasomer akasiyana pakurongeka kwemaatomu awo. Semuenzaniso, butane (C4H10) ine maisomer maviri echimiro: n-butane uye isobutane (methylpropane).
2. MaIsomer eJomethri
Ma isomeri e geometric anowanikwa mu alkenes uye cyclic alkenes. Aya ma isomeri akasiyana mu spatial orientation yemaatomu akakomberedza double bond kana ring.
3. MaIsomer eOptical
Ma-isomer emaziso i-isomer ane mamorekuru akafanana asi asina kufanana (chiral). Hunhu uhwu hwakakosha zvikuru mumakemikari emishonga nekuti ma-isomer akasiyana emaziso anogona kuita mabasa akasiyana ehupenyu.
Mhedziso
Mahydrocarbon zvinhu zvakakosha zvine maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana uye hunhu hunoita kuti zvikwanise kushandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana mumaindasitiri uye muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kupatsanurwa kwavo kwakadzama—maalkanes, maalkenes, maalkynes, macycloalkanes, macycloalkenes, uye mahydrocarbon anonhuhwirira—zvinopa hwaro hwakakosha hwemakemikari eorganic. Kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwemhando idzi dzehydrocarbon kunoita kuti pave nekutsvagisa, kugadzira, uye kushandiswa kunobudirira munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva kusimba kusvika kumishonga.
