Simba reAcids neBases: Kunzwisisa Nheyo dzeKemistri
Asidhi nemabhesi mapoka maviri emakemikoro akakosha mukuita kwemakemikari akawanda, pamwe chete nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kubva kune acidic solution mubhatiri remota kusvika kubhesi riri mu sipo, anoita basa rakakosha risingafaniri kufuratirwa. Asi chii chinoita kuti chinhu chive acidic kana basic, uye chinonyanya kukosha, tinoyera sei simba remaacid nemabhesi iwayo? Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura simba remaacid nemabhesi, pamwe nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinopesvedzera kushandiswa kwawo.
Pfungwa Dzekutanga dzeAcids neBases
Tisati tanzwisisa simba remaacid nemabases, ngationgororei pfungwa huru dzezvinhu zviviri izvi. Asidhi chinhu chinogona kuburitsa mahydrogen ions (H+) kana chanyungudutswa mumvura, nepo base chiri chinhu chinogona kugamuchira mahydrogen ions kana, kazhinji, kuburitsa mahydroxide ions (OH-).
Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yeArrhenius, asidhi chinhu chinowedzera huwandu hweH+ ions mumushonga, nepo base chinhu chinowedzera huwandu hweOH- ions. Dzidziso yeBronsted-Lowry inowedzera tsananguro iyi nekutaura kuti acid iproton donor uye base inogamuchira proton.
Kuyerwa kweAsidhi neSimba reBasi
Simba remaasidhi nemabhesi rinoyerwa nekukwanisa kwavo kuburitsa kana kugamuchira maH+ ions. Imwe yenzira dzakajairika dzekuyera simba remaasidhi nemabhesi ndeyekushandisa pH scale. pH scale inotangira pa0 kusvika pa14, pH 7 iri iyo neutral point. Maasidhi ane pH iri pasi pe7, nepo mabhesi aine pH iri pamusoro pe7. pH yakaderera, acid iri pasi, uye pH iri pamusoro, base rakasimba.
Zvisinei, chikero chepH chinongopa pfungwa huru chete. Kuti tinyatsoongorora zvakadzama, tinofanira kutarisa ma "acid" (Ka) ne "base" (Kb) dissociation constants. Ka chiratidzo chekuti acid inoburitsa sei H+ ions mu "solution", nepo Kb chiratidzo chekuti base inogona kugamuchira H+ ions nesimba rakadii. Ma "higher Ka" neKb values anoratidza chinhu chakasimba.
Asidhi Yakasimba vs. Asidhi Isina Simba
Asidhi yakasimba sehydrochloric acid (HCl) inopatsanuka zvachose mumvura, ichiburitsa mapurotoni ayo ese kuti agadzire maion eH+ uye maanion echloride (Cl-). Izvi zvinoita kuti HCl ive nekushanda zvakanyanya seasidhi. Kusiyana neizvi, asidhi isina simba seacetic acid (CH3COOH) inopatsanuka zvishoma mumvura. Izvi zvinoreva kuti haasi mamorekuru ese eacetic acid anoburitsa mapurotoni awo, zvichigadzira kuenzana pakati pemamorekuru easidhi asina kupatsanurwa uye maion eH+ neacetate (CH3COO-).
Nheyo Yakasimba vs. Nheyo Isina Simba
Maitiro akafanana anoshandawo kumabhesi. Mabhesi akasimba akadai sesodium hydroxide (NaOH) anoshanda zvakanyanya pakuburitsa maion ehydroxide (OH-) mu solution. Kusiyana neizvi, mabhesi asina simba akadai seammonia (NH3) anongopatsanuka zvishoma, uye mamorekuru mazhinji anoramba ari muchimiro chisina kupatsanurwa.
Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Simba reAcids neBases
Pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kukanganisa simba remaacid nemabhesi, kusanganisira chimiro chemamorekuru, nharaunda, uye tembiricha.
Maumbirwo eMolekyu
Maumbirwo emamorekuru echinhu anoita basa rakakosha pakuona simba rayo reasidhi kana kuti base. Semuenzaniso, mumacarboxylic acids, boka re -COOH rine simba guru. Kuvapo kwemapoka anobvisa maerekitironi kana anopa maerekitironi kunogona kukanganisa kugadzikana kwemaion anoumbwa mushure mekupatsanurwa, uye nokudaro simba reasidhi.
Kusashanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi
Kugona kweelectronegativity kweatomu yakabatana neproton (H+) kunewo basa. Kana atomu iri electronegative yakawanda, kukwezva kwayo kune elektroni kwakanyanya, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti proton ibviswe. Semuenzaniso, mumahydrogens ane halogenated, maacids ane atomu ine electronegative yakawanda—akadai seHCl kana HI—anogona kusimba.
Zvakatipoteredza uye Tembiricha
Nzvimbo yekugadziriswa kwemvura, senge solvent nemamwe maion ari mu solution, inogona kukanganisa simba remaacid nema bases. Polar protic solvents senge mvura inogona kudzikamisa maion kuburikidza ne hydrogen bonding, zvichiwedzera mwero wekupatsanurwa kwemvura. Tembiricha inogonawo kukanganisa dissociation constants yemaacid nema bases (Ka naKb). Kazhinji, kuwedzera kwekushisa kunowedzera mwero wekupatsanurwa kwemvura, zvichiwedzera Ka value yema acids neKb yema bases.
Mhedzisiro Inokurudzira uye Yekunzwa
Kubudirira kweatomu dziri pedyo kana mapoka eatomu kunogonawo kukanganisa simba reasidhi kana base. Mapoka anobvisa maerekitironi anowanzo kuwedzera simba reasidhi nekudzikamisa maion asina kunaka kuburikidza nekukwezvwa nechaja dzisina kunaka. Mhedzisiro yeResonance inogonawo kudzikamisa maion anogadzirwa mushure mekupatsanurwa, zvichiita kuti molekyuru ive nemukana wekuburitsa kana kugamuchira maion eH+.
Kukosha kweAcid neBase Strength muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva
Sei zvichikosha kunzwisisa simba remaacid nemabhesi? Mhinduro dzacho dzinosiyana, kubva kuindasitiri kusvika kuhutano. Semuenzaniso, mumaindasitiri, simba remaacid nemabhesi rinoshandiswa mukugadzira makemikari, kunatsa, uye kunyangwe mukugadzira chikafu nezvinwiwa. Maacid akasimba anoshandiswa mukuchenesa simbi, nepo mabhesi akasimba achishandiswa mukugadzira sipo nemasipo.
Mumuviri wemunhu, kuenzana kweacid-base kwakakosha pakushanda kwemuviri. Miviri yedu ine sisitimu yechisikigo inochengetedza pH yeropa iri pakati pe7.35 ne7.45. Kusaenzana kwepH kunogona kutungamira kuzvirwere zvakakomba zvakaita seacidosis kana alkalosis.
Mhedziso
Asidhi nemabhesi chikamu chakakosha chekemistri uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kunzwisisa simba remaasidhi nemabhesi kuburikidza nepfungwa dzakadai sepH, Ka, uye Kb kunotibatsira kudzora maitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari. Zvinhu zvakaita semaumbirwo emamorekuru, electronegativity, nharaunda, uye tembiricha zvese zvine basa mukuona simba reasidhi kana bhesi. Ruzivo urwu rune mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana, kubva kumaindasitiri kusvika kuhutano, zvichiita kuti ive chikamu chakakosha chekemistri chakakosha pakudzidza.
Nekunzwisisa kwakadzama kwesimba remaacid nemabhesi, hatingogone kunzwisisa zviri nani nyika yakatipoteredza chete, asiwo kudzora nekugadzirisa maitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari kuti vanhu vabatsirwe.
