Calorimetry: Kuyera Simba reKupisa muKuita kweMakemikari
Pendauluan
Calorimetry ibazi resainzi rinoongorora kuyerwa kwekuchinja kwesimba rekupisa mukuita kwemakemikari kana maitiro emuviri. Izwi rekuti "calorimetry" rinobva kuLatin "calor," zvichireva kupisa, uye "metri," zvichireva kuyerwa. Nzira iyi inopa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pe enthalpy, entropy, uye kugona kupisa kwemasisitimu akasiyana-siyana. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora pfungwa huru dze calorimetry, mhando dze calorimeters, misimboti yadzo yekushanda, uye mashandisirwo adzo muminda yakasiyana-siyana yakadai se chemistry, biology, uye physics.
Pfungwa huru dzeCalorimetry
Chaizvoizvo, calorimetry inosanganisira kuyera shanduko dzetembiricha dzinoitika kana zvinhu zviviri zvikasanganiswa kana kuita chimwe chinhu. Chikamu chikuru chemuchina uyu i calorimeter, yakagadzirirwa kuderedza kuchinjana kwesimba rekupisa nenzvimbo. Pfungwa huru ye calorimetry mutemo wekutanga we thermodynamics, unotaura kuti simba harigone kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa asi rinogona kungochinja chimiro chete. Muchiitiko ichi, simba rekupisa rinowanikwa kana kuburitswa nesystem rinogona kushandiswa kuverenga shanduko yesimba mukati mesystem iyoyo.
Mhando dzeMacaloriemeter
1. Macalorie Ari Nyore
Karorimita yakapfava inowanzova nemudziyo wakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvinodzivirira kupisa zvakaita sepolystyrene kana aruminiyamu, yakazadzwa nemvura, uye yakaiswa thermometer. Rudzi urwu rwekarorimita runowanzo shandiswa mukuyedza kwedzidzo yepuraimari kusuma pfungwa yekarorimita.
2. Bhomba reCalorimeter
Karorimita yebhomba chishandiso chakanyanya kuoma chinoshandiswa kuyera shanduko yesimba mukuita kwekupisa. Makaromita aya ane mudziyo unodzivirira kupisa nekumanikidzwa unonzi "bhomba," unoiswa mumudziyo wakazadzwa nemvura. Kana sampuro yapiswa mubhomba, shanduko yekupisa mumvura inoyerwa kuverenga simba rekupisa rinogadzirwa.
3. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
DSC chishandiso chinoshandiswa kudzidza shanduko dzechikamu uye maitiro emakemikari anoitika muzvinhu kana zvapiswa kana kutonhodzwa. Chinoyera musiyano wetembiricha pakati pemuenzaniso nereferensi, zvichibvumira masayendisiti kuona transition enthalpies, melting points, uye mamwe maitiro ekupisa.
4. Isoperibolic Calorimeter
Kalorimita ye isoperibolic inochengetedza tembiricha yemhepo isingachinji panguva yese yekuedza. Kalorimita idzi dzinowanzo shandiswa mukutsvagisa kwe biochemical kuona shanduko yesimba mukuita kwe enzyme kana mamwe maitiro ehupenyu.
Mashandiro anoita Calorimeter
Nheyo yekushanda kwe calorimeter inosanganisira matanho anoverengeka ekutanga:
1. Kuenzanisa: Calorimeter inofanira kuenzaniswa kuti ione kugona kwayo kupisa. Danho iri rinosanganisira kuwedzera huwandu hunozivikanwa hwekupisa uye kunyora shanduko yekupisa inobuda.
2. Kugadzika Muenzaniso: Muenzaniso unoiswa mu calorimeter, uye sisitimu yacho yakavharwa kudzivirira kuchinjana kwesimba nenharaunda.
3. Kucherechedza Kuchinja Kwekupisa: Mushure mekunge zvaitwa, shanduko dzekupisa dzinoitika muhurongwa dzinoyerwa.
4. Kuverenga Simba: Uchishandisa mutemo wekutanga wethermodynamics uye data rekuchinja kwetembiricha, simba rinogadzirwa kana rinodyiwa nekuita kwechinhu rinoverengwa.
Maitiro eCalorimetry
Calorimetry ine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana, kubva pakutsvagurudza kwekutanga kusvika kumashandisirwo anoshanda muindasitiri.
1. Kemikari
Mukemikari, calorimetry inoshandiswa kuona hunhu hwethermodynamic hwema reaction, akadai se enthalpy ne entropy. Semuenzaniso, mukudzidza kwe chemical kinetics, calorimetry inogona kubatsira kuyera reaction rates uye reaction mechanisms. Bomb calorimetry, kunyanya, inoshandiswa kuyera kupisa kwekutsva kwemafuta nechikafu.
2. Biology
Calorimetry inoita basa rakakosha muongororo ye molecular biology uye biochemistry. Semuenzaniso, muzvidzidzo zve enzyme, calorimetry inoshandiswa kuona activation energy uye enzyme kinetics, pamwe neshanduko dzesimba dzinoitika panguva ye enzyme-substrate reactions. Calorimetry inoshandiswawo muongororo yeprotein, yakadai sekuongorora kugadzikana kweprotein uye kupeta kwayo.
3. Fizikisi
Mufizikisi, calorimetry inoshandiswa kuyera kugona kwekupisa kwezvinhu uye kuchinja kwechikamu, zvakaita sekunyunguduka uye sublimation. DSC, kunyanya, inoshandiswa kuongorora hunhu hwekupisa hwepolymer nezvinhu zvakasanganiswa, pamwe nekudzidza shanduko dzechikamu muzvinhu zvekristaro neamorphous.
4. Maindasitiri
Muindasitiri, calorimetry inoshandiswa pakutsvaga nekugadzira zvigadzirwa, zvakaita semishonga, zvinoshandiswa mukudya, uye mafuta. Semuenzaniso, muindasitiri yemishonga, calorimetry inoshandiswa kugadzira nekuyedza kugadzikana kwekupisa kwemishonga, nepo muindasitiri yezvekudya, nguva yekubika uye kuenzana kwesimba muzvigadzirwa zvekudya zvinogona kugadziriswa nerubatsiro rwe calorimetry.
Chidzidzo Chemuenzaniso: Kushandiswa kweCalorimetry muKutsvagurudza Kwemishonga
Muenzaniso mumwe wekushandiswa kwe calorimetry mukutsvagisa mishonga kudzidza kwekugadzikana kwekupisa kwemishonga. Mukutsvaga uku, DSC inogona kushandiswa kuongorora shanduko dzechikamu mumishonga yakasimba uye kuona nzvimbo dzekunyunguduka uye shanduko dze enthalpy dzine chekuita nemaitiro aya. Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha pakuona kugadzikana kwemishonga uye kushanda kwayo panguva yekuichengeta nekutakura.
Matambudziko uye Remangwana reCalorimetry
Kunyange hazvo calorimetry iri chishandiso chine simba, inosangana nematambudziko akati wandei. Chimwe chacho kururama kwekuyera, kunyanya mukuyedza kunosanganisira shanduko diki dzesimba. Uyezve, kudzivirira kupisa kwakakwana kwakaoma kuwana, izvo zvinogona kukonzera zvikanganiso pakuyera.
Zvisinei, nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, zvishandiso zve calorimetry zvave zvakanyanya kuomarara uye zvakarurama. Kushandiswa kwemasensa edhijitari, kudzora tembiricha kwakagadziridzwa, uye software yekuongorora data yakaoma zvinobvumira kuyerwa kwakarurama uye kunoshanda. Mune ramangwana, calorimetry inotarisirwa kutamba basa guru mukutsvagisa kwakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira nanotechnology, sainzi yezvinhu, uye systems biology.
Mhedziso
Calorimetry inyanzvi yesainzi inokosha ine mashandisirwo akawanda mukemistri, biology, fizikisi, uye indasitiri. Nekuyera shanduko musimba rekupisa mukuita kwemakemikari uye maitiro emuviri, nzira iyi inopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pehunhu hwethermodynamic hwemasisitimu akasiyana-siyana. Pasinei nekutarisana nematambudziko akati wandei, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kuri kuramba kuchivandudza kururama uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekuyera calorimetric. Nekuda kweizvozvo, calorimetry icharamba iri chishandiso chakakosha mukutsvagisa nekusimudzira mumhando dzakasiyana dzemasisitimu.
