Mhando dzeChromosomes: Nheyo dzeGenetic Biology
Machromosome maumbirwo emicroscope anowanikwa mumasero anochengetedza ruzivo rwemajini rwakakosha pakukura, kukura, uye kushanda kwezvisikwa. Mubiology, machromosome anoita basa rakakosha uye anotonyanya kutariswa mumunda wemajini. Kunzwisisa machromosome zvinoreva kunyatsoongorora mutauro wekutanga wehupenyu. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura marudzi akasiyana-siyana emachromosome, mabasa awo, uye kukosha kwawo kuzvisikwa.
Tsanangudzo uye Maumbirwo eChromosomes
Musero rega rega re eukaryotic, ma chromosomes ari mu nucleus. Ma chromosomes anoumbwa neDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) nemapuroteni anonzi histones. DNA ine ruzivo rwemajini rwakarongwa kuita majini. Muchimiro chakarongeka, DNA refu inosungirirwa zvakasimba muma chromosomes, zvichiita kuti akwane mukati me nucleus yesero.
Masero paanogadzirira kupatsanurana, machromosome anova akakosha. Anodzokorora, zvichiita kuti sero rega rega remwanasikana riwane seti yakazara yemachromosome. Semuenzaniso, muvanhu, mune ma chromosomes maviri nematatu, zvichiita kuti pave nema chromosomes makumi mana nematanhatu. Peya imwe neimwe ine chromosome imwe yakagara nhaka kubva kuna amai uye imwe kubva kuna baba.
Mhando dzeChromosomes Dzinobva Panzvimbo yeCentromere
Machromosome anogona kupatsanurwa zvichienderana nenzvimbo ye centromere, nzvimbo iyo chromosome inopatsanurana kuita maoko maviri. Nzvimbo dzakasiyana dze centromere dzinokanganisa chimiro uye mashandiro e chromosome. Heano mamwe marudzi ema chromosomes zvichienderana nenzvimbo ye centromere:
1. Kusava nepfungwa dzakasimba
Machromosome ane chimiro chepakati nepakati ane centromere iri pakati nepakati, saka maoko ep neq akaenzana pakureba. Machromosome aya anotaridzika se "V" pasi pemaikorosikopu panguva yekupatsanurwa kwemasero.
2. Submetacentric
Muma chromosome ari pasi pemetacentric, centromere haisi pakati, asi inofambiswa zvishoma kudivi rimwe, zvichiita kuti ruoko rumwe rurebe kupfuura rumwe. Ma chromosome aya anoita seakaumbwa ne "L".
3. Kutarisa pakati pema "Acrocentric"
Rudzi urwu rune centromere iri pedyo nemugumo wechromosome, zvichikonzera ruoko rumwe rwakareba uye rumwe rupfupi. Kusawirirana uku kunowanzo kanganisa maratidzirwo emajini.
4. Telocentric
Ma chromosome e telocentric ane centromere yawo pamugumo we chromosome, achigadzira ruoko rumwe chete. Muvanhu, ma chromosome e telocentric haawanikwe zvechokwadi, asi anowanikwa mune mamwe marudzi.
Mhando dzeChromosomes Dzinoenderana Nebasa
Kunze kwekunge zvichibva panzvimbo ye centromere, ma chromosome anogonawo kuiswa muzvikamu zvichienderana nebasa rawo muchisikwa:
1. Machromosome eAutosomal
Ma chromosome e autosomal anosanganisira mapeya ekutanga makumi maviri nemaviri ema chromosome emunhu. Haabatanidzwi pakusarudza bonde remunhu, asi ane majini akasiyana-siyana anodzora mabasa akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu. Kusarongeka kana kushanduka kwema chromosome aya kunogona kutungamira kuzvirwere zvemajini zvakagarwa nhaka.
2. Machromosome ebonde
Machromosome ebonde ndiwo machromosome echi23 muvanhu, ayo anotungamira pakusarudza bonde. Vanhu vane mhando mbiri dzemachromosome ebonde: X na Y. Vakadzi vanowanzova nemachromosome maviri eX (XX), nepo varume vaine imwe X neimwe Y chromosome (XY). Kuvapo kana kusavapo kwechromosome yeY kunoita basa guru mukukura kwehunhu hwechipiri hwebonde.
Kusiyana kweChromosome uye Kuchinja
Kuchinja-chinja, kana kuti kusiyana kwemaumbirwo emakromosomu, kunogona kuitika, izvo zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yakakura pachinhu chipenyu. Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzekuchinja kwakakosha kwemakromosomu:
1. Kubviswa (Kurasikirwa)
Zvinoitika kana chikamu chechromosome chikarasika kana kubviswa, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kwejini rimwe kana akawanda akakosha.
2. Kukopa
Inoitika kana chikamu chechromosome chakafanana, zvichiita kuti chioneke kakawanda mugenome.
3. Kuchinja
Zvikamu zvechromosome zvinodzoserwa mukati mechromosome, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kuratidzwa kwemajini panzvimbo iyoyo.
4. Kutamiswa
Kuchinjana kwezvikamu pakati pemachromosomes asiri ehomologous. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera shanduko huru mukurongeka kwemajini, zvichikonzera chirwere kana matambudziko emajini.
5. Kusagadzikana kwemuviri
Chirwere chekuti masero ane nhamba isina kujairika yemachromosomes. Semuenzaniso, Down syndrome inokonzerwa nekuvapo kwekopi yechromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
Zvidzidzo zveChromosome muMishonga neKutsvagisa
Kudzidza nezvemachromosome kwakavhura mikana yakawanda mukurapa uye majini. Kuongorora machromosome, imwe yacho inoitwa kuburikidza nenzira inozivikanwa se karyotyping, inosanganisira kuisa mavara mumachromosomes uye kuona kuti haana kunaka here kana kuti kwete.
Kuongororwa kwemwana asati aberekwa kunowanzoitwa kuti kuonekwe kusarongeka kwemachromosome mumwana ari mudumbu, akadai setrisomy 21, kuti pave nematanho ekudzivirira nekukurumidza. Tsvagiridzo yemajini inosanganisirawo kudzidza nezvekuchinja kwemachromosome mukenza. Gomarara rinowanzo perekedzwa nekuchinja kwemachromosome, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa mafambiro echirwere kana mhinduro yemurwere kukurapa.
Mhedziso
Machromosome ane basa guru mukugara nhaka kwemajini uye mashandiro ezvisikwa. Kunzwisisa mhando dzemachromosome, zvese maererano nemaumbirwo uye mashandiro, kunopa ruzivo rwakadzama mubiology yemamorekuru uye majini. Machromosome akakosha kwete chete kune vaongorori nemasayendisiti asiwo kune avo vane chekuita nehutano, sezvo ruzivo urwu ruchigona kushandiswa mukuongorora nekurapa zvirwere zvemajini. Nekufambira mberi kuri kuramba kuchiita tekinoroji nekutsvagisa, ruzivo rwedu rwemachromosome uye kukanganisa kwaanoita muhupenyu rucharamba ruchikura, zvichivhura mukana weramangwana rekurapa rakagadziriswa uye rinoshanda.
