MaIsomers muHydrocarbons
Pendauluan
MaIsomer mamorekuru ane fomura imwe chete yemamorekuru asi maumbirwo kana marongerwo akasiyana eatomu. Rimwe bazi guru reisomerism iisomerization yemahydrocarbon. Mahydrocarbon makemikari eorganic anoumbwa nekabhoni nehydrogen. Anogona kuumba cheni refu, dzakaita matavi, uye mhete, zvichiapa maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana uye hunhu hwemakemikari.
Mhando dzeIsomers muHydrocarbons
MaIsomers ari mumahydrocarbon anogona kukamurwa kuita mhando huru dzakasiyana-siyana, dzinoti ma structural isomers (kana constitutional isomers), ma geometric isomers (kana cis-trans isomers), uye ma optical isomers (kana enantiomers).
MaIsomers eMuumbi
MaIsomer echimiro maisomer ane ma covalent bonds akasiyana mumaatomu. Muenzaniso wakajairika ibutane (C4H10), iyo inogona kuvapo mumhando mbiri dzeisomeric: n-butane neisobutane (kana methylpropane). Mamorekuru maviri aya ane fomura imwe chete yemamorekuru asi maatomu akasiyana.
1. n-Butane: Iyi iketani yakatwasuka ine maatomu mana ekabhoni akabatana munhevedzano.
2. Isobutane: Iyi iketani ine matavi ine maatomu matatu ekabhoni muketani huru uye bazi rimwe chete rekabhoni paatomu yechipiri ekabhoni.
MaIsomers eJomethri
Kuchinja kwechimiro chejiyometri kunoitika nekuda kwekutenderera kwakaganhurirwa kutenderedza chisungo chekabhoni-kabhoni kaviri kana kutenderedza chimiro cherin'i. Izvi zvinoguma nemafomu ecis netrans. Muenzaniso wakajairika weisomeri yejiyometri i2-butene (C4H8).
1. Cis-2-butene: Mapoka ese emethyl ari pamakabhoni 2 ne3 ari kudivi rimwe chete rebond mbiri.
2. Trans-2-butene: Mapoka maviri emethyl ari kumativi akasiyana echisungo chakapetwa kaviri.
Kuganhurirwa kwekutenderera kwakatenderedza chisungo chakapetwa kaviri kunoita kuti mafomu ecis ne trans asakwanise kushandurana pasina kutyora chisungo chakapetwa kaviri.
MaIsomers eOptical
Maotomatiki, kana kuti enantiomers, iotomatiki ane mamorekuru akafanana nemifananidzo yeumwe neumwe uye haagoni kuiswa pamusoro peumwe neumwe. Izvi zvinowanzoitika mumamorekuru ane maatomu echiral carbon, kureva maatomu ekabhoni akabatana nemapoka mana akasiyana. Hunhu hweotomatiki hwemamorekuru aya ndehwekuti anogona kutenderedza chiedza chepolarized kurudyi (dextrorotatory) kana kuruboshwe (levorotatory).
Kukosha kweIsomers muHydrocarbons
MaIsomer anoita basa rakakosha mukemikari nekuti anowanzova nehunhu hwakasiyana hwemuviri nehwemakemikari kunyangwe aine fomura imwe chete yemamorekuru. Heano mimwe mienzaniso yakakosha yeisomerism mumahydrocarbons:
1. Kushanda kwemakemikari: MaIsomer anogona kuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana. Semuenzaniso, mukuita kwekupiswa, n-butane neisobutane zvinoburitsa simba rakasiyana pazvinotsva.
2. Hunhu Hwemuviri: Nzvimbo dzinonyunguduka, nzvimbo dzinofashaira, uye kunyunguduka zvinogona kusiyana pakati pema isomers. Semuenzaniso, n-pentane ne isopentane (2-methylbutane), kunyangwe dziine fomura imwe chete yemamorekuru (C5H12), dzine nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekufashaira - n-pentane inofashaira pa36°C, nepo isopentane ichifashaira pa28°C.
3. Basa reBiological: Mubiology, enantiomers dzinowanzova nemabasa akasiyana eBiological. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa ndewema isomers maviri elimonene: (R)-limonene inonhuwirira semaranjisi, nepo (S)-limonene inonhuwirira semarimoni.
4. Maitiro Emaindasitiri: Muindasitiri, isomerization inoshandiswa kushandura alkenes kuita mafomu anobatsira zvikuru. Semuenzaniso, mukuita kwepetroleum cracking, isomerization inogona kushandiswa kushandura straight-chain alkanes kuita mafomu ane matavi anoshanda zvakanyanya semafuta.
Kushandiswa kweIsomerism muIndasitiri
Indasitiri yemakemikari inonyanya kushandisa isomerization kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvine hunhu hwakasiyana. Heano mamwe emashandisirwo ayo akakosha:
1. Kugadzirwa kweMafuta: Kushandiswa kwemafuta mumafuta eIsomerization kunoshandiswa kuvandudza mhando yemafuta. Maitiro ekushandiswa kwemafuta mumafuta eIsomerization anoshandura maalkenes akatwasuka kuita maalkenes ane branched, ane octane rating yakakwira. Izvi zvakakosha pakuvandudza mashandiro emafuta pasina kuwedzera kusvibiswa kunokuvadza.
2. Kugadzirwa kweMishonga: Mishonga mizhinji inoshanda chete muchimiro chimwe chete che enantiomeric. Semuenzaniso, isomer imwe yemushonga we thalidomide inoderedza kuda kurutsa, nepo imwe isomer inogona kukonzera matambudziko ekuzvarwa nawo. Saka, kugadzirwa nekuparadzaniswa kwe enantiomer kwakakosha muindasitiri yemishonga.
3. Indasitiri yePlastics: Mamwe mapolymer, akadai sepolypropylene, anogona kuva nemaitiro akasiyana zvichienderana nechimiro cheisomeric chemonomers dzavo. Semuenzaniso, isotactic polypropylene (uko mapoka ese emethyl anotarisana nenzira imwechete) ine maitiro akasiyana ecrystallinity pane atactic polypropylene (uko mapoka emethyl anotarisana nenzira isina kurongeka).
4. Indasitiri yeChikafu neZvinwiwa: Zvinotapira zvekugadzira, zvakaita seaspartame, zvinewo maisomers akasiyana, imwe ichipa kunaka kunotapira uye imwe isina. Kuparadzanisa nekushandisa maisomers nemazvo ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira zvigadzirwa zvekudya nezvinwiwa zvinodiwa.
Maitiro Ekugadzira Isomers
Kuumbwa kwema isomers kunogona kuitika kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana dzemakemikari, dzinosanganisira:
1. Photoisomerization: Inosanganisira shanduko dze isomer nekuda kwekunwa kwechiedza. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikuru kushandurwa kwe retinal muziso remunhu kunoita kuti munhu aone.
2. Catalytic Isomerization: Kushandisa catalyst kukurumidzisa shanduko pakati pemaisomers. Muindasitiri, macatalyst akadai sealumina-silica anowanzo shandiswa kuomesa alkenes mukuita catalytic cracking processes.
3. Kuchinjana kwemakemikari: Maitiro ayo ma isomers anogona kushanduka kuita mumwe nemumwe kuburikidza nekutamiswa kwemaatomu ehydrogen uye ma bond maviri. Kuchinjana kwemakemikari keto-enol muenzaniso wakajairika apo ketone ne enol zviri ma tautomers maviri emusanganiswa mumwe chete.
Mhedziso
Hydrocarbon isomerism ipfungwa huru mu organic chemistry ine simba guru mukushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwemaindasitiri nehupenyu. Nekunzwisisa kuti ma isomers anoumbwa sei uye nei, uye simba rawo pahunhu hwemuviri nemakemikari, tinogona kugadzira nekushandisa makemikari zvine hungwaru kune zvinangwa zvakananga.
Isomerization inopa kugona kudzora nekugadzirisa marongerwo emamorekuru, izvo zvinobvumira kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvine hunhu hwaunoda. Kubva pakuvandudza hunhu hwemafuta kusvika pakugadzira mishonga inoshanda, isomerism chikamu chakakosha chesainzi yemakemikari yemazuva ano uye tekinoroji.
