Kubatana kweCovalent: Zvinokosha uye Mashandisirwo muKemistri
Zvisungo zveCovalent ndeimwe yemhando dzakakosha uye dzakakosha dzezvisungo zvemakemikari mukemikari. Muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, tinosangana nezvinhu zvinoumbwa nezvisungo zvecovalent muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva kumhepo yatinofema kusvika kuchikafu chatinodya. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura zvakadzama nezvezvisungo zvecovalent, kusanganisira hwaro hwazvo, maumbirwo azvo, hunhu hwazvo, uye mashandisirwo azvo mukemikari uye muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Nheyo dzeCovalent Bonding
Chisungo checovalent rudzi rwechisungo chemakemikari chinoumbwa kana maatomu maviri kana kupfuura achigovana maerekitironi maviri kuti awane kugadzikana kwemagetsi, kunyanya zvichitevera mutemo weoctet, unova muitiro wemaatomu wekuva nemaerekitironi masere mugoko rawo rekunze. Chisungo ichi chinowanzoitika pakati pemaatomu asiri esimbi.
Maerekitironi eValence uye Kugadzikana
Maerekitironi eValence, maerekitironi ari mugoko rekunze kweatomu, anoita basa rakakosha mukuumbwa kwezvisungo zvecovalent. Maatomu anowanzo goverana maerekitironi avo eValence kuti awane chimiro cheerekitironi chakasimba. Semuenzaniso, maatomu maviri ehydrogen (H) rimwe nerimwe rine erekitironi imwe chete yeValence. Nekugovana maerekitironi aya, atomu rega rega rehydrogen rinowana chimiro chakasimba, chakafanana nechaHelium (He).
Kuumbwa kweCovalent Bonds
Kuumbwa kwezvisungo zvecovalent kunogona kutsanangurwa uchishandisa pfungwa dzeatomic orbitals uye molecular orbital theory. Kana maatomu maviri asvika padyo, valence orbitals dzavo dzinopindirana, zvichiita kuti vagovane maerekitironi kuti vagadzire chisungo chakasimba. Zvisungo zvecovalent zvinogona kuva:
– Mabhondi mamwechete, apo maatomu maviri anogovana maerekitironi maviri (semuenzaniso, H₂, iyo ine maatomu maviri ehydrogen).
– Mabhondi maviri, apo maatomu maviri anogovana maerekitironi maviri (semuenzaniso, O₂, molecular oxygen).
– Mabhondi matatu, apo maatomu maviri anogovana maerekitironi matatu (semuenzaniso, N₂, molekyuru yenitrogen).
Zvimiro zveCovalent Bonds
Mabond eCovalent ane hunhu hwakasiyana hunoasiyanisa nemamwe marudzi emabond emakemikari, akadai semabond eionic. Heano mamwe hunhu hwakakosha hwemabond ecovalent:
Polarity
Zvisungo zveCovalent zvinogona kuva
– Nonpolar covalent: Inoumbwa pakati pemaatomu ane maelectronegativities akafanana kana akafanana zvikuru. Maerekitironi anogoverwa zvakaenzana pakati pemaatomu maviri, mienzaniso yawo iri mamorekuru e diatomic akadai seH₂, N₂, uye O₂.
– Polar covalent bonds: Zvinoitika kana maatomu maviri aine musiyano mukuru mu electronegativity. Maerekitironi anowanzo pedza nguva yakawanda ari pedyo neatomu ine electronegative yakawanda, zvichikonzera kuti atomu iyoyo ive nechaji dzakanaka nedzisina kunaka. Muenzaniso wakajairika imorekuru yemvura (H₂O), uko okisijeni ine electronegative yakawanda kupfuura hydrogen.
Simba reBond
Chisungo chimwe nechimwe che covalent chine simba rechisungo, iro riri simba rinodiwa kuti chisungo chiputswe. Simba rechisungo chiratidzo chesimba rechisungo, uye zvisungo zviviri nezvikamu zvitatu zvinowanzova nesimba rechisungo rakakwirira kupfuura zvisungo chimwe chete nekuti zvinogovana maerekitironi akawanda.
Kureba kweBond
Kureba kwe covalent bond ndiko kureba kuri pakati pe nuclei dzemaatomu maviri akabatana. Kureba kwe bond kunowanzova kupfupi kune ma bond maviri uye kupfupi kune ma bond matatu pane kune ma bond rimwe chete.
Mashandisirwo uye Migumisiro yeCovalent Bonds
Zvisungo zveCovalent zvine basa rakakosha muhupenyu netekinoroji. Heano mamwe emashandisirwo makuru uye mhedzisiro yezvisungo zveCovalent:
Zvinhu zveOrganic
Makomichini eorganic, ayo ari hwaro hwemarudzi ese ehupenyu, anonyanya kuumbwa nemamorekuru ane covalent bonds. Kabhoni, hydrogen, okisijeni, nitrogen, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakati wandei zvinoumba covalent bonds dzakasiyana-siyana kuti zvigadzire organic compounds dzakadai semapuroteni, makabhohaidhiretsi, mafuta, uye nucleic acids. Semuenzaniso, DNA, inochengeta ruzivo rwemajini, ine zviuru zvemaatomu akabatanidzwa ne covalent bonds muchimiro che double helix.
Kemikari yeMishonga
Mumakemikari emishonga, kunzwisisa ma "covalent bonds" kunobvumira masayendisiti kugadzira nekugadzira mishonga inobatanidzwa zvakananga nezvinangwa zvehupenyu mumuviri. Mishonga yakawanda inoshanda nekugadzira ma "covalent bonds" nema "enzymes" kana ma "receptors" kudzivirira kana kugadzirisa mashandiro ehupenyu.
Zvishandiso zveKemistri
Mumakemikari ezvinhu, makemikari anoumbwa ne covalent bonds anoshandiswa kugadzira zvinhu zvine hunhu hwakakosha. Semuenzaniso, ma polymers, ayo ane cheni refu dzemamorekuru akabatanidzwa pamwe chete ne covalent bonds, anoshandiswa mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana, akadai semapurasitiki, machira, uye rabha. Zvakare, zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nekabhoni zvakaita se graphene ne carbon nanotubes zvine mashandisirwo akawanda mumagetsi, zvinhu zvakagadzirwa ne composite, uye nanotechnology.
Kemikari Isina Kugadzirwa
Mumakemikari asina kugadzirwa, makemikari akawanda anoumbwa kuburikidza nekubatana kwe covalent akakoshawo. Semuenzaniso, ma oxide akasiyana-siyana esimbi ane mashandisirwo mu catalysis uye gas sensors anoumbwa kuburikidza nekubatana kwe covalent pakati pesimbi ne oxygen. Uyezve, silicates ne aluminates, ane maumbirwo akaomarara ane mativi matatu ane ma covalent bonds, anoshandiswa mu ceramics nezvinhu zvekuvaka.
Mhedziso
Zvisungo zveCovalent zvakakosha pamakemikari, zvichigonesa kuumbwa kwemamorekuru akawanda anoumba nyika yakatipoteredza. Kubva pakuvaka mamorekuru akaomarara eorganic kusvika kune zvinhu zvitsva mu tekinoroji yepamusoro, zvisungo zvecovalent zvinoita basa rakakura uye rakakosha. Kunzwisisa pfungwa nehunhu hwezvisungo zvecovalent hakungokoshi chete mukudzidza kemesitiri, asiwo mukushandiswa kwayo kwakasiyana-siyana muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Nekuramba tichidzidza nekuongorora hunhu hwezvisungo zvecovalent, tinogona kuramba tichigadzira nekugadzira matekinoroji matsva anobatsira kugarika nekufambira mberi kwenzanga yevanhu.
