Mutemo weKuchengetedza Simba: Nheyo muFizikisi
Pendauluan
Mutemo weKuchengetedza Simba ipfungwa huru iri pasi pepfungwa dzakawanda mufizikisi nekemikari. Mutemo uyu unoti simba harigone kusikwa kana kuparadzwa, asi rinogona kungochinja chimiro chete. Zvinorehwa nemutemo uyu zvakaumba kunzwisisa kwedu zvakasikwa uye zvave hwaro hwetekinoroji yemazuva ano. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura zvakadzama nezvemutemo wekuchengetedza simba, nhoroondo yaro, mashandisirwo aro muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, uye kukanganisa kwaro pakukura kwesainzi netekinoroji.
Kwakatangira uye Nhoroondo
Pfungwa yekuchengetedza simba haisi pfungwa itsva uye yagara iripo kubvira kare. Zvisinei, pfungwa yayo yepamutemo yakatanga kushanda muzana remakore rechi19. Mumwe wevanhu vakakosha mukuvandudzwa kwepfungwa iyi ndiJames Prescott Joule, nyanzvi yefizikisi yeChirungu yakaita ongororo dzakakosha dzichiratidza kuti simba remakanika rinogona kushandurwa kuita simba rekupisa nenzira inoyerwa.
Joule asati ataura nezvemipiro yake, masayendisiti akati wandei, akadai saMayer naHelmholtz, vakambotaurawo pfungwa dzakafanana. Robert Mayer, chiremba wekuGermany, ndiye mumwe wevakatanga kuona kuti kupisa nesimba remagetsi zvine hukama. Kuburikidza nekucherechedza kwevarwere vake, Mayer akanzwisisa kuti muviri wemunhu unoshandura simba remakemikari kubva muchikafu kuita simba remagetsi nekupisa, zvichimuita kuti agadzire pfungwa yekuchengetedza simba muna 1842.
Gare gare, Hermann von Helmholtz, nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuGermany, akasimbisa pfungwa iyi nekuedza kwakanyatsojeka. Pakati pezana remakore rechi19, mutemo wekuchengetedza simba wakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya pakati pevanyanzvi vefizikisi semutemo mukuru wezvinhu zvose zvakasikwa.
Kunzwisisa Pfungwa
Mutemo wekuchengetedza simba unoti muhurongwa hwakavharwa, simba rese rinoramba riripo, kunyangwe simba richigona kushandurwa kubva muchimiro chimwe kuenda kune chimwe. Simba rinogona kuva kinetic energy, potential energy, thermal energy, chemical energy, nezvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana.
Semuenzaniso, mu pendulum inotenderera, simba rinogona kushandiswa panzvimbo yakakwirira rinoshandurwa kuita kinetic energy sezvo pendulum ichienda kunzvimbo yakaderera. Saizvozvowo, kana rabha raburitswa, simba re elastic rinoshandurwa kuita kinetic energy. Uyu muenzaniso uri nyore wekuti simba rinoshanduka sei pasina kurasikirwa nesimba rese mu closed system.
Mashandisirwo muHupenyu hweZuva Nezuva
Mutemo wekuchengetedza simba hausi webasa chete munyika yedzidziso yesainzi asiwo une simba guru pahupenyu hwezuva nezuva netekinoroji. Mamwe mashandisirwo emutemo uyu munyika chaiyo anosanganisira:
1. Mafekitori eMagetsi: Mumafekitori emagetsi, simba remakemikari remafuta epasi kana simba remagetsi remvura inoyerera rinoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi. Kunyangwe simba richichinja, huwandu hwesimba hunoramba hwakafanana.
2. Kutakurwa: Mota dzakadai semota nendege dzinoshandura simba remakemikari remafuta kuita simba rekufamba. Simba rekupisa rinogadzirwawo mukuita uku, zvichienderana nepfungwa yekuchengetedza simba.
3. Kudziisa Nekutonhodza: Midziyo yakaita semaheater nema air conditioner inoshandisa simba rekupisa kuti irambe ichidziya. Izvi zvinosanganisira kushandura simba rekupisa nenzira inoenderana nemutemo wekuchengetedza simba.
4. Mabhatiri neKuchengetedza Simba: Mabhatiri anochengetedza simba remakemikari iro rinogona kushandurwa kuita simba remagetsi. Maitiro aya mumwe muenzaniso wepfungwa yekuchengetedza simba riri kushanda.
Hukama neMitemo yeThermodynamics
Mutemo wekuchengetedza simba unowanzoonekwa semutemo wekutanga wethermodynamics. Mutemo wekutanga wethermodynamics unoti shanduko yesimba remukati mehurongwa yakaenzana nehuwandu hwesimba rinowedzerwa kuhurongwa muchimiro chekupisa nebasa. Izvi zvinosimbisa kuti simba harirasikirwi, asi rinotamiswa kana kushandurwa.
Thermodynamics pachayo ibazi refizikisi rinoongorora kuti simba rinofamba sei mukati memasisitimu emuviri uye kuti simba iroro rinokanganisa sei hunhu hwezvinhu. Mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics, unobata ne entropy, uye mutemo wechitatu wethermodynamics, unobata ne absolute zero, unowedzerawo kunzwisisa kwedu kuti simba rinoita sei mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana.
Mhedzisiro paTekinoroji neSainzi
Ruzivo nekunzwisisa mutemo wekuchengetedza simba kwakatungamira mukuvandudzwa kwakawanda mu tekinoroji uye mune dzakasiyana siyana dzesainzi. Heano mimwe mienzaniso:
1. Uinjiniya hweMichina neSimba Rinodzokororwa: Muinjiniya yemichina, kunzwisisa kuti simba rinoshanduka sei kubva kune rimwe divi kuenda kune rimwe kunobvumira mainjiniya kugadzira michina inoshanda zviri nani. Zvinotsigirawo kugadzirwa kwesimba rinowanikwazve senge maturbine emhepo nemapaneru ezuva, ayo anoshandura simba rechisikigo kuita simba remagetsi pasina kuderedza simba rese riri musystem.
2. Kugadzira Zvinhu Zvitsva: Tsvakurudzo mune zvesainzi yezvinhu inowanzo sanganisira kudzidza kuti simba rinoshanda sei nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Izvi zvinobatsira mukugadzira zvinhu zvitsva zvine hunhu hwakakosha, hwakadai sesimba rakasimba kana kuti kusapisa.
3. Astrophysics neCosmology: Mutemo wekuchengetedza simba unoshandiswawo mu astrophysics necosmology kuona kuti simba rinoita sei muchadenga chakakura. Izvi zvinotibatsira kunzwisisa zviitiko zvakaita senyeredzi, maburi matema, uye kukura kwechadenga.
4. Mishonga neMolecular Biology: MuMolecular biology nemushonga, mutemo wekuchengetedza simba unoshandiswa kunzwisisa maitiro emetabolism uye maitiro emakemikari mumuviri. Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha pakugadzira mishonga nekurapa zvinobudirira.
Mhedziso
Mutemo weKuchengetedza Simba ndeimwe yemitemo yakawanda yechisikigo inotipa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenyika yepanyama yakatipoteredza. Iyi nheyo haisi chete chinhu chikuru mudzidziso yesainzi asiwo inoumba hwaro hwematekinoroji mazhinji atinoshandisa zuva nezuva. Nekunzwisisa nekushandisa mutemo wekuchengetedza simba, masayendisiti nemainjiniya vanoramba vachigadzira mhinduro dzematambudziko matsva, kubva kusimba rinogona kuvandudzwa kusvika kuzvinhu zvepamusoro, uye kubva pakurapa kusvika pakutsvaga muchadenga. Kuburikidza nekutsvaga uku nekuvandudza, tinoramba tichishandisa musimboti wekuchengetedza simba kuti vanhu vafambire mberi.
