Chinyorwa pamusoro pemutemo wegesi rakanaka (Equation of state of an ideal gas)
Mitemo yegesi inosanganisira: Mutemo waBoyle, Mutemo waCharles uye Mutemo waGay-Lussac Kana mutemo wegasi wakakodzera usingashande kune ese mamiriro egasi, ongororo yedu ichave yakaoma. Kuti ongororo ive nyore, pakagadzirwa modhi yegasi rakakodzera. Magasi akakodzera haapo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva; ingori mafomu akakwana akagadzirwa kuti ongororo ive nyore. Pfungwa yegasi rakakodzera inotibatsirawo zvikuru mukuongorora hukama huripo pakati pemitemo mitatu yegasi.
Hukama huripo pakati pekupisa, vhoriyamu uye kumanikidzwa kwegasi
Nekutarisa mitemo mitatu yegasi iri pamusoro apa, tinogona kuwana hukama hwakazara pakati pekupisa, huwandu uye kumanikidzwa kwegasi.
Kana equation 1, equation 2 ne equation 3 zvakabatanidzwa kuita chimwe chete, zvichaita seizvi: PV ∝ T → Kuenzanisa 4
Chiyero ichi chinotaura kuti kumanikidzwa (P) uye vhoriyamu (V) zvinoenderana nekupisa kwakazara (T).
Kusiyana neizvi, vhoriyamu (V) inoenderana nekumanikidzwa (P).
Chiyero chechina chinoshandurwa kuita equation:
Information :
P1 = kumanikidzwa kwekutanga (Pa kana N/m2)
P2 = kumanikidzwa kwekupedzisira (Pa kana N/m2)
V1 = vhoriyamu yekutanga (m3)
V2 = vhoriyamu yekupedzisira (m3)
T1 = tembiricha yekutanga (K)
T2 = tembiricha yekupedzisira (K)
(Pa = pascal, N = Newton, m2 = mamita akaenzana, m3 = mamita ekubhikiyubhi, K = Kelvin)
Hukama huripo pakati pehuremu hwegasi (m) nehukuru (V)
Kana bharumu remhepo inopisa rikafukidzwa, mweya wakawanda unotorwa, uye unowedzera kukura. Nemamwe mashoko, kana huremu hwegasi hwacho hwakakura, vhoriyamu yebharumu inowedzerawo kukura. Tinogona kutaura kuti huremu hwegasi (m) hwakaenzana zvakananga nehuwandu hwegasi (V). Pamasvomhu:
V ∝ m → Chiyero 5
Kana equation 4 yakabatanidzwa ne equation 5 saka:
PV ∝ mT → Kuenzanisa 6
Huwandu hwemamota (n)
Mole 1 = huremu hwechinhu chakaenzana nehuremu hwechinhu ichocho. Huremu hwemamorekuru nehuremu zvakasiyana.
Muenzaniso 1, huwandu hwemamorekuru egasi reOxygen (O2)2) = 16 u + 16 u = 32 u (morekuru wega wega weokisijeni une maatomu maviri eOkisijeni, uko atomu yega yega yeOkisijeni ine huremu hwe16 u). Saka, mole 1 O2 ine huremu hwemagiramu makumi matatu nemaviri. Kana kuti huremu hwemamorekuru eO2 = 32 magiramu/mol = 32 kg/kmol.
Muenzaniso wechipiri, molecular mass yecarbon monoxide gas (CO) = 12 u + 16 u = 28 u (morekuru yega yega yecarbon monoxide ine atomu imwe chete yecarbon (C) uye atomu imwe chete yeokisijeni (O). Huremu hweatomu imwe chete yecarbon = 12 u uye huremu hweatomu imwe yeokisijeni = 16 u. 12 u + 16 u = 28 u). Saka, mole imwe yeCO ine huremu hwemagiramu makumi maviri nemasere. Kana kuti molecular mass yeCO = 28 grams/mol = 28 kg/kmol.
Muenzaniso 3, molecular mass yecarbon dioxide gas (CO2)2) = [12 u + (2 x 16 u)] = [12 u + 32 u] = 44 u (morekuru yega yega yekabhoni dhayokisaidhi ine atomu imwe chete yekabhoni (C ) uye maatomu maviri eokisijeni (O). Huremu hweatomu imwe chete yekabhoni = 12 u uye huremu hweatomu imwe chete yeokisijeni = 16 u). Saka, 1 mol CO2 ine huremu hwemagiramu makumi mana nemana. Kana kuti huremu hweCO442 = 44 magiramu/mol = 44 kg/kmol.
Huwandu hwemamoles (n) echinhu = chiyero chehuremu hwechinhu ichi kusvika pahuremu hwacho. Yakanyorwa nemasvomhu seizvi:
Muenzaniso 1: Verenga huwandu hwemamota mumagiramu 64 eO2
Misa O2 = 64 gramu
Muenzaniso 2: Verenga huwandu hwemamota mumagiramu 280 eCO2
Huremu hweCO = 280 gramu
Muenzaniso 3: Verenga huwandu hwemamota mumagiramu 176 eCO22
Huru yeCO22 = 176 gramu
Gasi risingaperi repasi rose (R)
Zvichibva pakutsvagurudza kwakaitwa nesainzi, zvakaonekwa kuti kana nhamba yemamoles (n) ikashandiswa kuratidza saizi yechinhu, chiyero chekuenzanisa chegasi rega rega chine kukosha kwakafanana. Chiyero chekuenzanisa chiri kutaurwa nezvacho ichinhu chinoramba chiripo chegasi (R).
R = 8,315 J/mol.K
= 8315 kJ/kmol.K
= 0,0821 (L.atm) / (mol.K)
= 1,99 cal / mol. K
(J = Joule, K = Kelvin, L = litre, atm = mhepo, cal = macalorie)
Mutemo weGasi Wakanaka (mumamota)
Kuenzanisa kuri pamusoro apa kunogona kushandurwa kuita equation nekuisa nhamba yemamoles (n) uye universal gas constant (R).
PV = nRT
Iyi equation inonzi mutemo wegesi wakakodzera kana kuti equation yegesi yakakodzera yemamiriro ezvinhu.
Information :
P = kumanikidzwa kwegesi (N/m2)
V = vhoriyamu yegesi (m3)
n = nhamba yemamoles (mol)
R = gasi risingaperi (R = 8,315 J/mol.K)
T = tembiricha yakakwana yegesi (K)
Mukugadzirisa matambudziko, muchasangana neshoko rekuti STP. STP ipfupiso yeshoko rekuti Kupisa Kwakajairika uye Kumanikidzwa kana Kupisa Kwakajairika uye Kumanikidzwa.
Tembiricha yakajairika (T) = 0 oC = 273 K
Kumanikidzwa kwakajairika (P) = 1 atm = 1,013 x 105 N / m2 = 1,013 x gumi2 kPa = 101 kPa
Mukugadzirisa matambudziko emutemo wegesi, tembiricha inofanira kuratidzwa pachikero cheKelvin (K).
Kana kumanikidzwa kwegasi kuchiri kuyera kumanikidzwa, tanga wachinja kuita kumanikidzwa kwakazara.
Kumanikidzwa kwakakwana = kumanikidzwa kwemhepo + kumanikidzwa kwegeji (kumanikidzwa kwemhepo = kumanikidzwa kwemhepo yekunze)
Kana chinozivikanwa chiri kumanikidzwa kwemhepo (hapana kumanikidzwa kwegeji), gadzirisa dambudziko racho zvakananga.
Muenzaniso wemubvunzo wechi1:
Pakumanikidzwa kwemhepo (101 kPa), tembiricha yegasi recarbon dioxide = 20 oC uye vhoriyamu = marita maviri. Kana kumanikidzwa kukachinjwa kuita 201 kPa uye tembiricha ikakwidzwa kusvika 40 oC, verenga huwandu hwekupedzisira hwegasi recarbon dioxide.
Kukurukurirana
Zvinozivikanwa kuti:
P1 = 101 kPa
P2 = 201 kPa
T1 = 20 oC + 273 K = 293 K
T2 = 40 oC + 273 K = 313 K
V1 = 2 litre
Akabvunzwa: V2
Mhinduro:
Muenzaniso wemubvunzo wechi2:
Sarudza huwandu hwema mole maviri egasi pa STP (fungidzira kuti gasi iri igasi rakakodzera)
Kukurukurirana
Huwandu hwemamoles maviri egasi paSTP (tembiricha yakajairwa uye kumanikidzwa) i44,8 litres.
Muenzaniso wemubvunzo wechi3:
Huwandu hwemhepo yeokisijeni paSTP = 20 m3. Huremu hwegasi reokisijeni chii?
Kukurukurirana
Huremu hweokisijeni = 32 gramu/mol (huremu hwe 1 mole yeokisijeni = 32 gramu). Saka, huremu hwegasi reokisijeni ndehwekuti:
huremu (m) = nhamba yemamoles (n) x huremu hwemamoles
huremu = (893 moles) x (32 gramu/mol) = 28576 gramu = 28,576 kg
Muenzaniso wemubvunzo wechi4:
Tangi rine marita mana emhepo yeokisijeni (O4)2). Kupisa kwemhepo yeokisijeni = 20 oC uye kumanikidzwa kwakayerwa = 20 x 105 N / m2. Tsvaga huremu hwegasi reokisijeni (huremu hwemamorekuru eokisijeni = 32 kg/kmol = 32 gramu/mol)
Kukurukurirana
Mutemo weGasi Wakanaka (Muhuwandu hwemamorekuru)
Kana tikaratidza saizi yechinhu kwete nehuremu (m), asi nehuwandu hwemamoles (n), saka gasi risingaperi (R) rinoshanda kumagasi ese. Izvi zvakatanga kuwanikwa naAmedeo Avogadro (1776-1856), musayendisiti wekuItaly.
Avogadro akati kana huwandu, kumanikidzwa uye tembiricha yegasi rega rega zvakafanana, ipapo gasi rega rega rine huwandu hwakaenzana hwemamorekuru.
Mutsara wakanyorwa nemabhii matema unonzi fungidziro yaAvogadro. Pfungwa yaAvogadro, kana kuti fungidziro, inoenderana nechokwadi chekuti R isingachinji yakafanana kune magasi ese. Heano humwe humbowo:
Chekutanga, kana tikagadzirisa dambudziko tichishandisa equation yemutemo wegesi (PV = nRT), tichaona kuti kana nhamba yemamoles (n) yakafanana, kumanikidzwa nekupisa zvakafananawo, ipapo huwandu hwemagasi ese huchava hwakafanana, kana tikashandisa gasi risingaperi repasi rose (R = 8,315 J/mol.K). PaSTP, gasi rega rega rine nhamba yakafanana yemamoles (n) richava nehuwandu hwakafanana. Vhoriyamu ye1 mole yegasi paSTP = 22,4 malita. Vhoriyamu ye2 mole yegasi = 44,8 malita. Vhoriyamu ye3 mole yegasi = 67,2 malita. Uye zvichingodaro… izvi zvinoshanda kumagasi ese.
Chepiri, huwandu hwemamorekuru mu mole imwe chete hwakafanana kune magasi ese. Huwandu hwemamorekuru mu mole imwe = huwandu hwemamorekuru pa mole = nhamba yaAvogadro (N)ASaka nhamba yaAvogadro yakafanana kune magasi ese.
Saizi yenhamba yaAvogadro inowanikwa kuburikidza nekuyera:
NA = 6,02 x 1023 mamorekuru/mol
Kuti tiwane huwandu hwese hwemamorekuru (N), tinogona kuwedzera huwandu hwemamorekuru pamorekuru (NA) nenhamba yemamorekuru (n).
Iyi ndiyo equation yakakodzera yemutemo wegesi maererano nehuwandu hwemamorekuru.
Information :
P = Kumanikidzwa
V = Vhoriyamu
N = Huwandu hwemamorekuru
k = Boltzmann's constant (k = 1,38 x 10,23 J/K)
T = Tembiricha
vhorumu
1 litre (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL) = 1000 cubic centimeters (cm)3)
1 litre (L) = 1 cubic decimeter (dm)3) = 1 x 10,3 m3
Tekanan
1 N/m2 = 1 Pa
1 atm = 1.013 x 105 N / m2 = 1,013 x gumi5 Pa = 1,013 x 102 kPa = 101,3 kPa (kazhinji 101 kPa inoshandiswa)
Pa = pascal
atm = mhepo
Simba remukati regasi rakakodzera
Simba remukati regesi rakanaka re monatomic
Simba remukati megasi rakanaka remonatomic ihuwandu hwese hwesimba rekushandura remamorekuru egasi rakanaka remonatomic. Huwandu hwese hwesimba rekushandura remamorekuru egasi rakanaka = chigadzirwa cheavhareji yesimba rekushandura remamorekuru ega rega nenhamba yemamorekuru (N). Masvomhu:
Information :
U = Simba remukati regesi rakanaka re monatomic (J)
N = Nhamba yemamorekuru
k = Boltzmann's constant (k = 1,38 x 10 ,23 J/K)
T = Tembiricha yakakwana (K)
n = Nhamba yemamota (mol)
R = Gasi risingaperi (R = 8,315 J/mol.K = 8315 kJ/kmol.K)
Simba riri mugasi rakanaka re diatomic
Simba remukati megasi rakanaka rediatomic ihuwandu hwesimba rekushandura rekinetic, simba rekinetic rinotenderera, uye simba rekinetic rinotenderera remamorekuru egasi rakanaka rediatomic. Zvichienderana nepfungwa yekugadzirwa kwesimba, simba remukati megasi rakanaka rediatomic ideal ideal ndeiri:
U = 5/2 n RT
Simba riri mugasi rakakodzera re polyatomic
Simba remukati megasi rakanaka repolyatomic ihuwandu hwesimba rekushandura rekinetic, simba rekinetic rinotenderera, uye simba rekinetic rinotenderera remamorekuru egasi rakanaka repolyatomic. Zvichienderana nepfungwa yekugadzirwa kwesimba, simba remukati megasi rakanaka repolyatomic ideal ideal ndeiri:
U = 7/2 n RT
Simba mugasi chaiyo
Simba riri mugasi chairo rinoenderanawo nekupisa. Kana kumanikidzwa kwegasi chairo kwakakwira zvakakwana (huwandu hwegasi chairo hushoma), gasi chairo rinotanga kuratidza maitiro asina kunaka. Saka, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti simba riri mugasi chairo rinoenderanawo nekumanikidzwa uye huwandu.
