Mutemo waFaraday
Pengantar
Mutemo waFaraday we electromagnetic induction ipfungwa huru mufizikisi inotsanangura kuti simba remagineti rinoshanduka rinogona sei kugadzira magetsi mu conductor. Mutemo uyu wakawanikwa naMichael Faraday muna 1831, uye une mashandisirwo akawanda mu tekinoroji yemazuva ano, senge majenareta emagetsi nema transformer. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura dzidziso iri shure kwemutemo waFaraday, kuyedza kunoutsigira, uye mashandisirwo awo akasiyana-siyana anoshanda.
Dzidziso Yekutanga
Tsanangudzo yeMutemo waFaraday
Mutemo waFaraday unoti simba remagetsi (EMF) rinokonzerwa necircuit yakavharwa rinoenderana nehuwandu hwekuchinja kwemagnetic flux kuburikidza necircuit. Pamasvomhu, mutemo uyu unonzi:
\[ \masvomhu{E} = -\frac{d\Phi_B}{dt} \]
Di mana:
– \( \mathcal{E} \) ndiyo EMF inokonzerwa (mumavolts),
– \( \Phi_B \) ndiyo magnetic flux (mumawebers),
– \( \frac{d\Phi_B}{dt} \) ndiyo mwero wekuchinja kwesimba remagineti.
Chiratidzo chekusateerera chiri mu equation iyi chinobva kuMutemo waLenz, uyo unoti divi reEMF inokonzerwa rinogara riripo zvekuti rinopesana nekuchinja kwe magnetic flux inorikonzera.
Magnetic Flux
Kuyerera kwemagineti \( \Phi_B \) chiyero chehuwandu hwesimba remagineti rinopfuura nepakati penzvimbo yakatarwa. Kuyerera kwemagineti kunotsanangurwa se:
\[ \Phi_B = B \cdot A \cdot \cos(\theta) \]
Di mana:
– \( B \) ndiyo simba remagineti (muTesla),
– \( A \) inzvimbo inofambiswa nesimba remagineti (mumamita masikweya),
– \( \theta \) ndiyo kona iri pakati pesimba remagineti nemutsetse wakatarisana nenzvimbo yacho.
Mutemo waLenz
Mutemo waLenz unopa gwara reEMF inokonzerwa uye simba rinobuda. Sekureva kweMutemo waLenz, simba rinokonzerwa mudunhu rinogadzira simba remagineti rinopesana nekuchinja kwesimba remagineti rakakonzera. Pamasvomhu, izvi zvinoratidzwa nechiratidzo chekuramba chiri muFaraday's Law equation.
Kuedza kwaFaraday
Kuwanikwa kweElectromagnetic Induction
Michael Faraday akaita bvunzo dzakawanda muna 1831 kuti adzidze hukama huripo pakati pesimba remagineti nemagetsi. Imwe yeongororo huru dzaFaraday yaisanganisira waya yakabatana negalvanometer (mudziyo wekuyera magetsi) nemagneti yebha. Faraday akawana kuti kana magneti yebha yaitamiswa kuenda kana kure necoil, magetsi aikonzereswa mucoil, iyo yaionekwa negalvanometer.
Kusiyana kwekuyedza
Faraday akaitawo shanduko yekuedza uku achishandisa waya mbiri dzakamonerwa dzakatenderedza musimboti wesimbi. Kana magetsi emagetsi apfuudzwa nepakati pe coil yekutanga (coil yekutanga), simba remagineti rakabuda rakakonzera magetsi emagetsi mu coil yechipiri (coil yechipiri). Faraday akagumisa kuti kushanduka kwesimba remagineti pama coil ndiko kwakakonzera magetsi emagetsi anokonzerwa.
Kushandiswa kweMutemo waFaraday
Jenareta yemagetsi
Jenareta yemagetsi ndeimwe yemabasa makuru eMutemo waFaraday. Majenareta anoshandura simba remakanika kuita simba remagetsi kuburikidza nepfungwa ye electromagnetic induction. Kana coil yewaya ichitenderera mumunda wemagineti, magnetic flux inoshanduka pamusoro pe coil inogadzira emf, iyo inokonzera magetsi.
1. Jenareta yeAC (Alternating Current)
- Nheyo Yekushanda: Jenareta yeAC inoshandisa simba remagineti rinogadzirwa nemagneti inogara iripo kana electromagnet. Kana coil ikatenderera mumunda wemagineti, simba remagineti rinoshanduka, zvichigadzira alternating current.
– Mashandisirwo: Majenareta eAC anoshandiswa mumafekitori makuru emagetsi, maturbine emhepo, uye majenareta anotakurika.
2. Jenareta yeDC (Direct Current)
- Nheyo yekushanda: Jenareta yeDC inoshandisa commutator kushandura alternating current inokonzerwa mu coil kuita direct current. Commutator chishandiso chemuchina chinoita kuti current ifambe ichienda kune rimwe divi.
– Mashandisirwo: Majenareta eDC anoshandiswa muzvishandiso zvakaita sekuchaja mabhatiri, masisitimu emagetsi ekukurumidzira, uye muzvishandiso zvemaindasitiri.
transformer
Transformer mudziyo unochinja voltage musystem yekugovera magetsi, zvichibva papfungwa ye electromagnetic induction. Transformer ine ma coil maviri, primary ne secondary, akatenderedzwa nesimbi.
- Nheyo Yekushanda: Magetsi anoyerera nepakati pe primary coil anogadzira magnetic flux inokonzera EMF mu secondary coil. Nekuchinja huwandu hwekutenderera mu primary ne secondary coils, voltage inogona kuwedzerwa kana kudzikiswa sezvinodiwa.
– Mashandisirwo: Matransformer anoshandiswa mumagetsi ekugovera magetsi kuwedzera kana kuderedza voltage yemagetsi, zvichiita kuti magetsi afambiswe zvakanaka kubva kumafekitori emagetsi kuenda kune vatengi.
Kuchaja Pasina Waya
Kuchaja pasina waya tekinoroji inoshandisa musimboti we electromagnetic induction kuendesa simba pasina tambo.
– Nheyo Yekushanda: Kuchaja pasina waya kunoshandisa simba remagineti rinogadzirwa nekoiri yekuchaja kuti riite kuti EMF iri mukoiri inogamuchirwa yakabatana nemudziyo kuti ichajiswe. Simba remagineti rinoshanduka rinoburitsa magetsi mukoiri inogamuchirwa, ayo anoshandiswa kuchaja bhatiri remudziyo.
– Mashandisirwo: Kuchaja pasina waya kunoshandiswa mumidziyo yemagetsi yakaita semafoni, mawachi akangwara, uye michina yekurapa inotakurika.
Zviitiko Zvakafanana
1. Mhedzisiro yeEddy Current
- Nheyo Yekushanda: Mafuremu eEddy ndiwo mafungu anokonzerwa nemuchina wemagetsi unoshanduka. Mafuremu aya eEddy anogadzira simba remagetsi rinopikisa shanduko yefuremu yemagineti yakakonzera.
- Mashandisirwo: Eddy current inoshandiswa mukushandisa mabhureki emagetsi, kuona simbi, uye kuyedza kusingaparadze.
2. Kudzivirira Magneto
- Nheyo Yekushanda: Kuramba kushandisa magnetoresisstance kuchinja kwesimba remagetsi rechinhu chinokonzerwa nesimba rekunze remagineti. Ichi chiitiko chinoshandiswa mukuchengetedza data uye tekinoroji yekuona magnetic.
– Mashandisirwo: Magnetoresistance inoshandiswa mumadhisiki edhisiki, masensa ekumhanya, uye masisitimu ekuona nzvimbo.
3. Mhedzisiro yeHall
– Nheyo yekushanda: Mugumisiro weHall chiitiko umo simba remagineti rakatenderedza magetsi ari muconductor rinoburitsa musiyano wemagetsi pakati peconductor. Voltage iyi inonzi Hall voltage.
- Mashandisirwo: Mugumisiro weHall unoshandiswa mumasensa eHall kuyera minda yemagineti, kumhanya, uye nzvimbo.
Zvishandiso zveTekinoroji Yepamusoro
Tekinoroji Yekurapa: MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
MRI inzira yekurapa inoshandisa simba remagineti nemafungu eredhiyo kugadzira mifananidzo yakadzama yezvimiro zvemukati memuviri wemunhu.
– Mashandiro Ainoita: MRI inoshandisa simba remagineti rakasimba kuti itungamirire mapurotoni mumuviri. Kana simba remagineti rikavhurwa uye radzimwa, mapurotoni aya anoburitsa zviratidzo zvinotorwa uye zvinogadziriswa kuita mifananidzo nekombuta.
– Mashandisirwo: MRI inoshandiswa kuongorora zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira bundu, chirwere chemwoyo, uye zvirwere zvetsinga. MRI inobatsira pakukwanisa kwayo kugadzira mifananidzo yakadzama pasina kushandisa mwaranzi ionizing.
Motokari Listrik
Mota dzemagetsi ndeimwe yenzira dzakajairika dzeFaraday's Law iyo inoshanda pamusimboti we electromagnetic induction.
- Nheyo Yekushanda: Mota dzemagetsi dzinoshanda nekuyerera kwemagetsi kuburikidza ne coil iri mumunda wemagineti, nokudaro dzichigadzira simba rinoita kuti coil itenderere.
– Mashandisirwo: Mota dzemagetsi dzinoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemidziyo, kubva kumidziyo yemumba kusvika kumichina mikuru yeindasitiri.
Mhedziso
Mutemo waFaraday we electromagnetic induction ipfungwa huru mufizikisi inotsanangura kuti simba remagineti rinoshanduka rinogona sei kugadzira magetsi mu conductor. Mutemo uyu wakawanikwa naMichael Faraday muna 1831, wave hwaro hwematekinoroji mazhinji emazuva ano, anosanganisira majenareta emagetsi, ma transformer, uye tekinoroji isina waya. Kuedza kwaFaraday kwakaratidza hukama huripo pakati pesimba remagineti nemagetsi, izvo zvakazotsanangurwa nemasvomhu semutemo we electromagnetic induction.
Mashandisirwo eMutemo waFaraday akakura, anosanganisira kugadzira magetsi, kugovera, kuchaja pasina waya, tekinoroji yekurapa, uye mota dzemagetsi. Zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita se eddy current effect, magnetoresistance, uye Hall effect zvinoratidza pesvedzero yakapararira ye electromagnetic induction musainzi netekinoroji. Sezvo tekinoroji nekutsvagisa zvichifambira mberi, mashandisirwo eMutemo waFaraday acharamba achikura, zvichivhura mukana wekuvandudza zvinhu zvitsva zvine hungwaru uye zvinobudirira mune ramangwana.
