Kuramba kweOhmic neNon-Ohmic: Tsananguro Yakadzama yeMafungiro Maviri Ekutanga muElectrophysics
Pengantar
Kuramba kwemagetsi ipfungwa huru mu electrophysics, yakadzidzwa kubva pakawanikwa magetsi. Kunzwisisa kuramba kunotibatsira kugadzira nekugadzirisa michina yakasiyana-siyana yemagetsi, kubva kune yakapfava senge ma incandescent bulbs kusvika kune yakaoma senge makombiyuta nemafoni. Mhando mbiri huru dzekuramba dzinowanzo kurukurwa ndedze ohmic ne non-ohmic resistance. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura zvizere mhando mbiri idzi dzekuramba, mashandiro adzo, kusiyana kwadzo, uye mashandisirwo adzo munyika chaiyo.
Kuramba kweOhmic
Nheyo Dzekutanga
Kuramba kweOhmic kunotevera Mutemo weOhm, wakataurwa naGeorg Simon Ohm muzana remakore rechi19. Mutemo weOhm unoti voltage (V) inoshandiswa paconductor inoenderana nemagetsi (I) anopfuura nepakati payo, nekudzivirira (R) sechigarire chekuenzanisa. Pamasvomhu, zvakanyorwa seizvi:
\[ V = I \cdot R \]
Pano, V ndiyo voltage mu volts, I ndiyo current mu amperes, uye R ndiyo resistance mu ohms.
Hunhu
Kuramba kweOhmic kunoratidzwa nehukama hwakatsetseka pakati pevoltage necurrent. Izvi zvinoreva kuti girafu iri pakati pevoltage necurrent ichave mutsetse wakatwasuka, ine gradient (slope) inoenderana nehukuru hweresistance.
Muenzaniso
1. Waya dzeSimbi: Simbi zhinji, dzakadai semhangura nearuminiyamu, dzinoratidza maitiro eohmic pane dzimwe tembiricha uye voltages.
2. Resistor: Chinhu chakagadzirirwa zvakananga kuti chive nehukuru hwakati hwe resistance uye chinowanzo ratidza maitiro e ohmic.
Kushanda
Kuramba kweOhmic kunoshandiswa mumabasa akawanda, kubva kumatunhu emagetsi ari nyore kusvika akaomarara. Semuenzaniso, maresistor anoshandiswa kudzora magetsi mumatunhu emagetsi, mababu eincandescent anoratidza kusimba kweOhmic pamagetsi akaderera, uye waya dzesimbi mumidziyo yakawanda yemagetsi dzinoratidza maitiro eOhmic.
Kuramba Kusiri-Ohmic
Nheyo Dzekutanga
Kuramba kusina ohmic hakutevedzeri Mutemo weOhm. Muzvikamu zvisiri zveohmic, hukama huripo pakati pevoltage necurrent hauna kurongeka uye hunogona kuchinjwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita semhando yezvinhu, tembiricha, uye simba remagetsi kana voltage.
Hunhu
Girafu yemagetsi inopesana neyazvino yezvinhu zvisiri zveohmic haisi mutsetse wakatwasuka, asi inogona kuva curve yakaoma. Hukama huripo pakati paV naI hunogona kutsanangurwa ne equation yakaoma kupfuura Mutemo weOhm's.
Muenzaniso
1. Diode: Mudziyo we semiconductor unoita kuti magetsi afambe akananga kune rimwe divi kwete kune rimwe divi.
2. Transistor: Mudziyo we semiconductor unoshandiswa kuwedzera kana kushandura masaini emagetsi, ane hunhu husina hunhu hwe ohmic.
3. Mwenje ye LED: Mumwe muenzaniso wemudziyo wemagetsi unoratidza maitiro asiri e ohmic nekuti magetsi haana kuenzana ne voltage.
4. Zvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Pakupinza Masimba: Muzvinhu zvakaita sesilicon kana germanium, kuramba simba kunochinja zvakanyanya nekuchinja kwevoltage netembiricha.
Kushanda
Midziyo isiri yeohmic inokosha patekinoroji yemazuva ano. Zvikamu zve semiconductor zvakaita se diodes nema transistors zvinoumba hwaro hwezvishandiso zvemagetsi zvakawanda nhasi, kusanganisira makomputa, nharembozha, nezvimwe zvishandiso zvekutaurirana. Ma diodes anoshandiswa mukushandura AC-to-DC, kudzivirira circuit, uye kuratidzira masaini. Ma transistors anoshandiswa muzvishandiso zve digital logic, ma signal amplifiers, nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Kuongorora Musiyano
1. Hukama huripo pakati peVoltage neCurrent
- Ohmic: Mutsetse
– Kwete-Ohmic: Kwete-mutsetse
2. Kutevedzera Mutemo waOhm
– Ahmik: Ehe
- Kwete-Ohmic: Kwete
3. Mienzaniso Yese
– Ohmic: Resistor, waya yesimbi
- Non-Ohmic: Madiode, matransistors, zvinhu zve semiconductor
4. Girafu yeV vs. I
- Ohmic: Mutsetse wakatwasuka
- Kwete-Ohmic: Curve
Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Zvipingamupinyi
– Tembiricha: Kuramba kwesimbi kunowedzera nekupisa kuri kuwedzera, nepo kuramba kwesemiconductors kuchiwanzoderera nekupisa kuri kuwedzera.
– Zvinhu: Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvinopesvedzera kana zvinhu zviri ohmic kana kuti zvisiri ohmic.
– Voltage: Muzvinhu zvisiri zve ohmic, shanduko dzevoltage dzinowanzo kukonzera shanduko huru mu current nenzira isiri yemutsara.
– Kupenya Kwemagetsi: Mune zvimwe zvinhu zvisiri zveohmic, kuwedzera kukuru kwesimba remagetsi kunogona kukonzera shanduko mukuramba kwesimba remagetsi.
Mhedziso
Kunzwisisa musiyano uripo pakati pekudzivirira kwe ohmic ne non-ohmic kwakakosha pakugadzira nekushandisa macircuit emagetsi neemagetsi anoshanda uye akavimbika. Kudzivirira kwe ohmic, nerudzi rwayo rwemutsara, kunopa kunzwisisa kuri nyore uye kunobatsira zvikuru mumabasa akawanda ekutanga. Kune rumwe rutivi, kudzivirira kwe non-ohmic, nerudzi rwayo rwekusawirirana uye rwakaoma, kunopa kuchinjika kukuru uye kushanda mumatekinoroji emazuva ano anoda kudzora kwakanyatsojeka uye kwakasimba kwekufamba kwemagetsi.
Munyika iri kuramba ichivimba netekinoroji, kunzwisisa kwakasimba kwemarudzi maviri aya ekuramba hakusi kungobatsira chete, asi chinhu chinodiwa nemainjiniya, masayendisiti, uye matekiniki ari kushanda kuti vagadzire nekuvandudza minda yakasiyana-siyana yetekinoroji. Neruzivo urwu, tinogona kufanotaura zviri nani, kudzora, uye pakupedzisira kushandisa magetsi emagetsi kuti tigadzire nyika inoshanda uye yakakwira mune tekinoroji.
