Mapoka Anoshanda Mumakomputa eCarbon
Pendauluan
Makomputa ekabhoni ane hunhu hwakasiyana uye hwakaoma mumakemikari ekabhoni. Chinhu chikuru chekusiyana uku kugona kwekabhoni kugadzira zvisungo zvakasiyana-siyana uye maumbirwo, kusanganisira cheni dzakatwasuka, dzinotenderera, uye dzakapatsanurwa. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chinoita kuti makomputa ekabhoni ave nehunhu hwawo hwakasiyana ndemapoka awo anoshanda. Mapoka anoshanda mapoka emaatomu ari mukati memorekuru ane mutoro wehunhu hwemakemikari chaiwo. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura mhando dzakasiyana dzemapoka anoshanda mumakomputa ekabhoni, maumbirwo awo uye hunhu hwavo, uye kukosha kwawo mukushandiswa kwemaitiro.
Kunzwisisa Mapoka Anoshanda
Boka rinoshanda chikamu chemorekuru rinoratidza maitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari nguva dzose. Mapoka aya anogona kuva neatomu rimwe chete kana kupfuura uye ane musanganiswa chaiwo wezvinhu zvinopa molekyuru hunhu hwayo. Mienzaniso yakajairika yemapoka anoshanda inosanganisira alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, uye amines. Mapoka anoshanda anoona reactivity yemakemikari, boiling point, melting point, polarity, nezvimwe zvakawanda zvemuviri uye zvemakemikari zvekombuta.
Boka reDoro
Rimwe remapoka anonyanya kushanda mumakemikari e organic idoro. Boka redoro rine atomu yeokisijeni yakabatana neatomu rehydrogen (OH) yakabatana neatomu rekabhoni. Maumbirwo akajairika edoro iR-OH, uko R iri boka realkyl kana aryl. Alcohols dzinoiswa muzvikamu zvekutanga, zvechipiri, uye zvechitatu, zvichienderana nehuwandu hweatomu dzekabhoni dzakabatana zvakananga neatomu rekabhoni dzakabatana neboka rehydroxyl.
– Madoro makuru: Atomu yekabhoni inobata boka reOH inongobatanidzwa kune imwe atomu yekabhoni imwe chete. Mienzaniso: methanol (CH3OH) uye ethanol (CH3CH2OH).
– Doro rechipiri: Atomu yekabhoni inobatanidza boka reOH inosanganiswa nemamwe maatomu maviri ekabhoni. Muenzaniso: isopropanol (CH3CHOHCH3).
– Doro repamusoro: Atomu yekabhoni inobatanidza boka reOH inosunganidzwa kune mamwe maatomu matatu ekabhoni. Muenzaniso: t-butanol (C(CH3)3OH).
Doro rine mwero wekufashaira wakanyanya nekuda kwekubatana kwehydrogen pakati pemamorekuru aro. Doro rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya semushonga unonyungudutsa, mushonga unouraya utachiona, uye semafuta.
MaAldehydes neKetones
MaAldehydes nemaketone marudzi maviri emapoka anoshanda ecarbonyl ane hunhu hwemakemikari hwakafanana, asi ari panzvimbo dzakasiyana mumorekuru.
– MaAldehydes: Ane boka recarbonyl (C=O) rakabatana neatomu rehydrogen neatomu recarbon. Maumbirwo akajairika ealdehyde iR-CHO. Mienzaniso yealdehydes iformaldehyde (HCHO) neacetaldehyde (CH3CHO).
– Ketone: Ine boka recarbonyl (C=O) rakabatana nemaatomu maviri ekabhoni. Maumbirwo akajairika eketone ndiR-CO-R'. Muenzaniso weketone iacetone (CH3COCH3).
MaAldehydes nemaketone anowanikwa muzvinhu zvakawanda zvehupenyu nemaindasitiri. MaAldehydes anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri ezvinonhuwira nemakemikari, nepo maketone ari zvinonyungudutsa zvakanaka uye anowanzo shandiswa mukugadzira zvizoro.
Asidhi yeCarboxylic
Asidhi yekabhokisi iboka rinoshanda rine boka rekabhokisi (C=O) neboka rehabhokisi (OH) paatomu imwe chete yekabhokisi, zvichipa chimiro chayo R-COOH. Asidhi yekabhokisi ine asidhi nekuti inoburitsa maion ehydrogen (H+) zviri nyore. Mienzaniso yeasidhi yekabhokisi iacetic acid (CH3COOH) uye benzoic acid (C6H5COOH).
MaCarboxylic acids zvinhu zvakakosha mubiology nemumaindasitiri. Anowanikwa muzvikafu zvakasiyana-siyana nemafuta, uye ane basa guru mukutenderera kwemakemikari akadai seKrebs cycle.
Amina
MaAmines mapoka anoshanda ane nitrogen yakabatana neatomu imwe chete kana anopfuura ekabhoni. Anogona kurongwa seanokosha, echipiri, uye echitatu zvichienderana nehuwandu hweatomu ekabhoni yakabatana nenitrogen.
– MaAmine ekutanga: Nitrogen inosungirirwa kune atomu imwe chete yekabhoni. Muenzaniso: methylamine (CH3NH2).
– MaAmine echipiri: Nitrogen inosunganidzwa nemaatomu maviri ekabhoni. Muenzaniso: dimethylamine (CH3NHCH3).
– MaAmine epamusoro: Nitrogen inosunganidzwa nemaatomu matatu ekabhoni. Muenzaniso: trimethylamine (N(CH3)3).
MaAmines anowanikwa zvakanyanya mubiology sezvikamu zveamino acids uye neurotransmitters. MaAmines anoshandiswawo mumishonga uye madhayi ekugadzira.
Ethers neEsters
MaEther nemaEsters mamwe mapoka maviri anoshanda zvakafanana mumakemikari eorganic.
– Ether: Ine maatomu maviri ekabhoni akabatana neatomu yeokisijeni (RO-R'). Muenzaniso weether idiethyl ether (CH3CH2OCH2CH3), inova solvent yakajairika mumarabhoritari emakemikari.
– Ester: Yakagadzirwa kubva pakusangana pakati pe carboxylic acid ne alcohol, ine chimiro chakajairika che R-COOR'. Muenzaniso we ester i ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3), iyo inoshandiswa se solvent muindasitiri yependi ne lacquer.
MaEsters ane hwema hunofadza uye anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri ezvinonhuwira uye ezvekudya kuti ape kunaka kwakasiyana uye hwema.
Kukosha kweMapoka Anoshanda Mukushanda Kunoshanda
Mapoka anoshanda anogonesa kugadzirwa nekuumbwa kwemamorekuru akasiyana-siyana ane hunhu hwakananga, hwaunoda. Semuenzaniso, muindasitiri yemishonga, kuvapo kana kusavapo kweboka rinoshanda kunogona kushandura mashandiro emushonga, kugadzikana, uye mashandiro awo mumuviri. Mapoka anoshanda anogonesawo kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvine hunhu hwakananga hwemakanika, hwekupisa, kana hwemagetsi muminda yemapolymer nezvinhu zvakasanganiswa.
Mhedziso
Mapoka anoshanda ane basa guru mukuona hunhu hwemakemikari nemuviri hwemakemikari ekabhoni. Kunzwisisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemapoka anoshanda, mashandiro awo, uye mashandisirwo awo mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana ndicho chinhu chikuru mukukura kwetekinoroji nesainzi. Nekuramba tichidzidza nekunzwisisa mapoka anoshanda, tinogona kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva nematekinoroji anogona kuchinja mararamiro edu nekushanda kwedu.
