Mafungu Echiedza: Chiitiko Chechisikigo Chinovhenekera Nyika
Chiedza chimwe chezvimiro zvesimba zvakakosha uye chinokosha kuhupenyu pasi pano. Pasina chiedza, nyika yaizova nzvimbo ine rima uye isingagarike. Mufizikisi, chiedza chinorongwa semafungu emagetsi anogona kupararira nepaburi, zvichitibvumira kuona nyika yakatipoteredza muchimiro chatinoziva nhasi. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mafungu echiedza, hunhu hwawo, mashandiro awo, uye mashandisirwo awo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Hunhu Hwakakosha hweMafungu eChiedza
Mafungu echiedza ane hunhu huviri, zvichireva kuti anogona kuita semafungu uye zvidimbu. Hunhu uhwu hunozivikanwa semafungu-particle duality, hunounzwa kuburikidza ne quantum mechanics. Semafungu, chiedza chine wavelength uye frequency. Wavelength yechiedza inotangira pa 400 nanometers (yechiedza cheviolet) kusvika 700 nanometers (yechiedza chitsvuku). Frequency yechiedza yakabatana zvakanyanya nesimba rachinotakura—frequency yakakwira, simba rayo rinokwira.
Sechinhu chidiki, chiedza chinoumbwa nemaphoton, mapaketi madiki esimba asina huremu. Pfungwa iyi yakakosha pakutsanangura zviitiko zvakaita semhedzisiro yemagetsi, umo chiedza chinorova pamusoro pechinhu chinogona kuburitsa maerekitironi kubva muchinhu ichocho.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Mafungu echiedza chikamu chidiki che electromagnetic spectrum, iyo inosanganisira mamwe marudzi akawanda emafungu, akadai semafungu eredhiyo, ma microwave, ma infrared rays, ma ultraviolet rays, ma X-rays, uye ma gamma rays. Musiyano mukuru pakati pemarudzi akasiyana aya emafungu e electromagnetic wave iwavelength yawo uye frequency.
Chiedza chinoonekwa ndicho chikamu che electromagnetic spectrum chinogona kuonekwa neziso remunhu. Chine mavara manomwe anozivikanwa semuraraungu: tsvuku, orenji, yero, girini, bhuruu, indigo, uye violet. Ruvara rumwe nerumwe rune wavelength yakasiyana, ine tsvuku ine wavelength yakareba uye frequency yakaderera, nepo violet ine wavelength pfupi uye frequency yakakwirira.
Kupindira uye Kupatsanurwa
Zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha zvinoratidza hunhu hwemafungu echiedza kupindirana nekupararira. Kupindirana kunoitika kana mafungu maviri kana anopfuura echiedza akasangana, zvichikonzera maitiro ekuwedzera (kupindirana kwekuvaka) kana kuderedza (kupindirana kwekuparadza) musimba rechiedza. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa mukuyedza kwakakurumbira kwezvidimbu zviviri, apo chiedza chinopfuura nepakati pezvidimbu zviviri zvakamanikana chinoumba maitiro akafanana echiedza nemumvuri pachidzitiro chiri kumashure kwavo.
Kupatsanurwa, kune rumwe rutivi, ndiko kukotama kwemafungu echiedza paanopfuura nepaburi rakamanikana kana paanorova chipingamupinyi. Chiitiko ichi chinoburitsa mapatani akaomarara echiedza nerima, anowanzoonekwa kana chiedza charova gomba.
Kupatsanurwa kweChiedza
Polarization imhando yemafungu echiedza umo mafungu anotenderera akananga divi rimwe chete. Mafungu echiedza chechisikigo, akadai sezuva, haana polarized, zvichireva kuti anotenderera divi dzakawanda. Zvisinei, kuburikidza nemaitiro epolarization, akadai sekupfuura nepafirita yepolarizing, chiedza chinogona kutenderera divi rimwe chete. Polarization inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagirazi ekudzivirira glare uye maLCD displays, uko kunoderedza glare uye kunowedzera display contrast.
Mashandisirwo eMafungu eChiedza
Mafungu echiedza ane mabasa akawanda anobatsira muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kushandiswa ndechekuvhenekesa. Marambi emagetsi ave zvishandiso zvemwenje zvisingakoshi, zvichitigonesa kufamba-famba mumabasa edu husiku. Uyezve, mafungu echiedza anoshandiswa mukutaurirana kwefiber-optic, uko zviratidzo zvechiedza zvinotakura data kuburikidza negirazi kana mapurasitiki nekumhanya kwakanyanya.
Mukurapa, matekinoroji echiedza akadai sema lasers akakosha pakuvhiyiwa kwakanyatsonaka uye pakurapa kenza. Uyezve, matekiniki ekurapa emifananidzo akadai seX-rays neMRIs anovimba nepfungwa imwechete ye electromagnetic spectrum.
Kuongorora nyeredzi ndeimwe nzvimbo inobatsira zvikuru mukudzidza chiedza. Chiedza chinobva kunyeredzi dziri kure nemagalaxy chinotipa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvezvinhu zvose zvakasikwa, zvakaita semakemikari azvo, tembiricha, daro, uye kufamba kwazvo. Materesikopu anoshandisa marefu echiedza akasiyana-siyana, kubva kuinfrared kusvika kuX-ray, anobatsira masayendisiti kudzidza zvinhu zvekudenga zvakadzama.
Simba reMafungu eChiedza paHupenyu
Simba remafungu echiedza pahupenyu harigoni kufuratirwa. Photosynthesis, iyo nzira huru inoita kuti zvirimwa zvikwanise kurarama uye kugadzira okisijeni, inotsamira chose pachiedza chezuva. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuvanhu nezvimwe zvisikwa zvakawanda zvipenyu, chiedza chinoita basa rekudzora circadian rhythms, kana kuti mawachi ehupenyu, ayo anokanganisa maitiro ekurara uye kumuka.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kunyanya kuratidzwa kune mamwe mafungu echiedza, akadai sechiedza cheultraviolet, kunogona kukanganisa hutano, sekukonzera kenza yeganda. Nokudaro, kunzwisisa mafungu echiedza nemigumisiro yawo kwakakosha pakuvandudza mabhenefiti uye kuderedza njodzi kuhupenyu.
Mhedziso
Mafungu echiedza chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa zvakasikwa uye ndicho chinhu chikuru pane matekinoroji mazhinji emazuva ano. Kunzwisisa kwedu mafungu echiedza kuri kuramba kuchikura, zvichipa ruzivo rutsva rwekuti tingashandisa sei simba remagetsi kuti vanhu vabatsirwe. Kubva kuchiedza kusvika pakutaurirana, kubva kuhutano kusvika pakutsvaga muchadenga, mukana wemafungu echiedza hauna muganho zvechokwadi. Sezvo tekinoroji ichifambira mberi, panogona kunge paine nzira dzakawanda itsva idzo mafungu echiedza anogona kushandiswa nadzo kugadzira nyika iri nani uye yakajeka.
