Dzidziso yeQuantum Number uye Matenderero
Pendauluan
Mufizikisi nekemesitiri, kunzwisisa zvinhu uye maitiro emaerekitironi mumaatomu kwakakosha. Imwe pfungwa inokosha ine chekuita nemaitiro emaerekitironi idzidziso yenhamba yekwantumu. Nhamba dzekwantumu dzinopa ruzivo rwenzvimbo, simba, uye kurongeka kwemaerekitironi mumaatomu. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura dzidziso yenhamba yekwantumu uye pfungwa yekufamba kwemaerekitironi mumaatomu.
Chii chinonzi Quantum Number?
Nhamba dzeQuantum inhamba dzinoshandiswa kutsanangura hunhu hwemaerekitironi mumaatomu. Kune mhando ina dzenhamba dzequantum, dzinoti:
1. Nhamba yeQuantum (n): Inosarudza saizi nesimba remuchadenga, zvichienderana nehukuru hwesimba riri muatomu.
2. Azimuthal Quantum Number (l): Inosarudza chimiro chechikamu chemuchadenga uye chikamu chesimba mugoko rakati.
3. Nhamba yeMagineti yeQuantum (m_l): Inoona kuti orbital iri muchadenga yakanangana sei.
4. Nhamba yeKutenderera kweQuantum (m_s): Inosarudza divi rekutenderera kwemagetsi.
Nhamba Yekutanga yeQuantum (n)
Nhamba huru yequantum (n) inhamba positive integer (1, 2, 3, …) inomiririra simba remaerekitironi muatomu. Kana kukosha kwe n kwakakura, simba remuchadenga rinokwira uye riri kure nenucleus. Semuenzaniso, kuna n = 1, orbital iri padanho rekutanga resimba, riri pedyo nenucleus.
Nhamba yeAzimuthal Quantum (l)
Nhamba yeazimuthal quantum (l) ndiyo inosarudza chimiro che orbital uye simba rayo. Kukosha kwe l kunosiyana kubva pa 0 kusvika pa (n-1). Kukosha kwega kwega kwe l kunomiririra chimiro chakasiyana che orbital:
– l = 0 : s inotenderera (yakatenderera)
– l = 1 : p orbital (yakaita sedumbbell)
– l = 2 : d orbital (mashizha eclover)
– l = 3 : f orbitals (maumbirwo akaomarara)
Nhamba yeMagineti yeQuantum (m_l)
Nhamba ye magnetic quantum (m_l) inoratidza kurongeka kwe orbital muchadenga. Kukosha kwe m_l kunobva pa -l kusvika pa +l, kusanganisira zero. Semuenzaniso, kana l = 1 (p orbital), saka m_l inogona kuva -1, 0, kana +1, zvichireva kuti kune nzira nhatu dzakasiyana dze p orbital.
Nhamba yeKutenderera kweQuantum (m_s)
Nhamba ye quantum inotenderera (m_s) inoratidza divi rekutenderera kwe electron. Kukosha kwayo kunogona kuva +1/2 kana -1/2, zvichimiririra nzira mbiri dzinobvira dzekutenderera: newachi kana kuti newachi. Kutenderera kwe electron kwakakosha pakuona hunhu hwemagineti hwezvinhu.
Mafambiro muAtomic Theory
Mufizikisi yekare, pfungwa yekutenderera yaishandiswa kutsanangura nzira dzemaerekitironi akatenderedza nucleus yeatomu, kufanana nemapuraneti akatenderedza zuva. Zvisinei, nekuvandudzwa kwequantum mechanics, pfungwa iyi yakatsiviwa neorbitals.
Kubva Kutenderera Kuenda Kutenderera
Dzidziso yekutanga yekare, yakagadzirwa naNiels Bohr, yakataura kuti maerekitironi aitenderera nucleus munzira dzakatenderera dzine simba rakati wandei. Zvisinei, modhi yaBohr yakakundikana kutsanangura hunhu hwese hweatomu. Gare gare, quantum mechanics yakatanga, ichitsanangura orbitals senzvimbo dziri mukati meatomu uko mukana wekuwana erekitironi wakakwira.
Ma "orbitals" semabasa ema "wave"
Chinotenderera (orbital) ibasa remafungu rinobva pakugadzirisa equation yeSchrödinger yeatomu rehydrogen. Basa iri remafungu rinopa ruzivo nezve mukana wekuti elektroni ivepo munzvimbo yakati yenzvimbo. Kune maparamita matatu makuru anotsanangura chinotenderera (orbital):
1. Psi (ψ): Mafungu anoshanda pachawo.
2. Psi Psi (ψ²): Mikana yekuwana erekitironi munzvimbo diki.
3. Basa reKugovera Radial: Mikana yese yekuwana elektroni iri kure nenucleus.
Mhando dzeOrbitals
Ma "orbitals" akasiyana muchimiro uye kurongeka zvichienderana nehukuru hwehuwandu hwe "quantum numbers":
– Orbital s (l = 0): Yakatenderera uye yakaenzana yakakomberedza nucleus.
– Orbital p (l = 1): Yakaumbwa sema lobes maviri kana ma dumbbell ari pakati nepakati.
– d orbital (l = 2): Chimiro chacho chakaoma kunzwisisa, seshizha re clover.
– Orbital f (l = 3): Chimiro chakaoma kunzwisisa uye chakaoma kuona.
Chimwe nechimwe chezvimiro izvi zvemuchadenga chine zvachinoreva zvakakosha mukemistri, kunyanya pakugadzirwa kwemagetsi, chimiro chemaatomu, uye hunhu hwekubatana kwemakemikari.
Aufbau Principle, Pauli Exclusion, uye Hund's Rule
Maerekitironi anozadza orbitals zvichienderana nemitemo kuti agadzire chimiro chakasimba cheerekitironi reatomu.
Nheyo yeAufbau
Mutemo weAufbau unoti maerekitironi anozadza maorbital ane simba rakaderera kutanga asati azadza maorbital ane simba rakawanda. Semuenzaniso, orbital ye1s ichazadzwa isati yasvika 2s orbital, inotevera isati yasvika 2p orbital, zvichingodaro.
Kurambidzwa kwaPauli
Mutemo wePauli unoti hapana maerekitironi maviri muatomu anogona kuva nenhamba ina dzequantum dzakafanana. Nemamwe mashoko, orbital yega yega inogona kubata maerekitironi maviri, uye maerekitironi maviri aya anofanira kunge aine ma spins akasiyana.
Mutemo waHund
Mutemo waHund unoti maerekitironi anozadza orbitals dzakaora rimwe nerimwe ne parallel spins asati abatana. Izvi zvinoderedza kudzoserwa kwemaerekitironi uye zvinoita kuti pave nechimiro chakasimba.
Mashandisirwo muChemistry neFizikisi
Kunzwisisa nhamba dze quantum uye orbitals kwakakosha zvikuru muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvesainzi.
Spectroscopy
Nhamba dzeQuantum dzinoshandiswa muspectroscopy kuongorora spectrum yechiedza chinoburitswa kana kutorwa nemaatomu. Kuchinja kwemaerekitironi pakati pemaorbital kunokonzera kubuda kana kutorwa kwemaphoton pahurefu hwakati, izvo zvinopa ruzivo nezvechimiro chemaatomu.
Kemikari yeQuantum
Mu quantum chemistry, dzidziso ye quantum number inoshandiswa kunzwisisa makemikari akabatana, maitiro emakemikari, uye hunhu hwemamorekuru. Kurongeka kweatomu nemagetsi kunosarudza kuti ichabatana sei nemamwe maatomu kuti igadzire mamorekuru kana makemikari.
Zvishandiso zveSainzi
Musainzi yezvinhu, nhamba dze quantum uye dzidziso ye orbital zvinoshandiswa kutsvaga hunhu hwezvinhu zvakaita se magnetism, electrical conductivity, uye semiconductors. Semuenzaniso, kutenderera kwemaerekitironi muzvinhu zvemagineti kwakakosha mu magnetic memory technology.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yenhamba yeQuantum ipfungwa huru inotibatsira kunzwisisa maitiro emaerekitironi mumaatomu. Nekubatanidza pfungwa dzenhamba dzema quantum dzinoti principal, azimuthal, magnetic, uye spin, tinogona kutsanangura zvakanaka nzvimbo nesimba remaerekitironi. Kuchinja kubva kumuenzaniso weatomu wekare kuenda ku quantum mechanics hakuna kungopa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwehunhu hweatomu asiwo kwakagadzira nzira yekuwana zvinhu zvakawanda uye mashandisirwo musainzi netekinoroji.
