Fizikisi yeParticle uye Hukama Hwayo neCosmology
Physics yezvikamu necosmology zvinowanzoonekwa semapazi maviri akasiyana esainzi: rimwe richidzidza zvisikwa pazviyero zvidiki, nepo rimwe richitarisa chimiro nekushanduka-shanduka kwezvisikwa pazviyero zvikuru. Zvisinei, mukuita, minda iyi miviri yakabatana zvakanyanya. Kunzwisisa kwedu mavambo, zviri mukati, uye mugumo wezvisikwa zvakabatana zvisingaparadzanisike nemitemo inodzora zvikamu zvekutanga. Kusiyana neizvi, cosmology inopa "rabhoritari yechisikigo" yakanyanya - simba rakawanda, huwandu hwakakura, uye nguva yakareba kwazvo - iyo isingagoni kudzokororwa zvizere paPasi. Kubatana uku kwakakonzera munda wezvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana unowanzonzi astroparticle physics kana particle cosmology.
Kubva paDiki Zvikuru Kusvika paKukuru Zvikuru
Physics yezvikamu inodzidza zvidimbu zvepakutanga zvakaita sequarks, leptons (kusanganisira maerekitironi nema neutrinos), uye masimba makuru anobatanidza kudyidzana kwavo. Hurongwa hukuru hunotsanangura zvinobudirira subatomic phenomena ndiyo Standard Model, iyo inosanganisira quantum field theories yekubatana kwe electromagnetic, weak, uye strong. Zvisinei, Standard Model haina kukwana: haitsananguri zvizere gravity, haitsananguri zvizere kwakabva neutrino mass, uye haipe mukana wekusimbisa dark matter.
Kosmology, kunyanya kosmology yemazuva ano yakavakirwa pakuongorora kwezvenyeredzi uye mafambiro enyeredzi, inodzidza kukura kwepasi rose, chimiro chayo chikuru (magalaxies nemagalaxy clusters), cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), uye nhoroondo yayo yekupisa. Patinotsvaga nhoroondo yenyika yose kare kare, tinoona kuti munguva dzayo dzekutanga, yaivepo pamasimba akakwirira zvikuru—chaiyo nzvimbo yefizikisi yezvikamu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuti tinzwisise kosmology yekutanga, tinoda fizikisi yezvikamu; uye kuti tiedze fizikisi yezvikamu pamasimba akawandisa, tinogona "kuverenga" zviratidzo zvayo mupasi rose.
Chisiko Chekutanga Sechikuru Chinokurumidzisa
Masekondi mashoma ekutanga mushure meBig Bang anomiririra mamiriro ezvinhu ari kure nekugona kwezvinosimudzira zvidimbu zvechizvino-zvino. Simba, tembiricha, uye huwandu panguva iyoyo zvakabvumira maitiro aizozogadzira kuumbwa kwechisiko chose. Semuenzaniso, muchadenga wekutanga, zvidimbu nezvikamu zvechinorwisa zvipembenene zvakasikwa uye zvakaparadzwa mukuenzana kwekupisa. Sezvo muchadenga wakawedzera uye wakadzika, kumwe kudyidzana "kwakaomesa," zvichisiya huwandu hunofungidzirwa hwezvimwe zvikamu. Pfungwa iyi inotsigira dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana nezvekwakabva rima, sezvo vazhinji vanonzi rima zvinhu vakaumbwa kuburikidza nemaitiro ekuomesa kana kuomesa mukutanga kwecosmology.
Uyezve, nyika yekutanga inopawo puratifomu yekunzwisisa shanduko dzechikamu mufizikisi yezvikamu. Kana tembiricha yadzikira kupfuura chiyero chakati, symmetries dzakakosha dzinogona "kuputswa." Chimwe chiitiko chakakosha kuputsika kwe electroweak symmetry ine chekuita neHiggs mechanism. Kuchinja uku kune mukana wekugadzira zviitiko zve cosmological zvakaita semafungu ekutanga egiravhiti, kana kukanganisa maitiro ekusawirirana kwezvinhu-antimatter.
Kukwira Kwemitengo Kwepasi Pose uye Kuchinja-chinja Kwehuwandu hweMafuta
Imwe yepfungwa dzine simba guru mu cosmology yemazuva ano ndeye inflation ye cosmic: chikamu chekuwedzera nekukurumidza mumasekonzi ekutanga epasi rose. Inflation yakakurudzirwa kutsanangura kuti nei pasi rose richiratidzika serakafanana zvikuru pazviyero zvikuru, nei geometry yenzvimbo yakaita seyakatsetseka, uye nei zvimwe zvikanganiso zve topological, zvakaita se magnetic monopoles, izvo dzimwe dzidziso dzinofanotaura, zvisipo.
Apa ndipo panopinda fizikisi yezvipenyu. Mazhinji mamodheru e inflationary anovimba nekuvapo kwemunda we scalar unofungidzirwa (inflaton), une simba rinotonga muchadenga uye rinoita kuti uwedzere kukura kwawo. Kuchinja-chinja kwe quantum mumunda uyu kunobva "kwatanga" kuita kusagadzikana kwe density izvo zvinova mbeu yekuumbwa kwema galaxies nezvimwe zvisikwa zve cosmic. Tinoona zviratidzo zvekuchinja-chinja uku nhasi sekuchinja kudiki kwekushisa muCMB. Nemamwe mashoko, kuyera CMB kunopa nzira isina kunanga yekudzidza fizikisi ine simba rakawanda uye hunhu hwe quantum fields muchadenga chepakutanga.
Kunyangwe nzira ye inflationary ichibudirira zvinoshamisa, kuzivikanwa kwe inflaton uye hukama hwayo nezvikamu zvinozivikanwa zvinoramba zviri pachena. Mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anobatanidza inflaton nekuwedzera kweStandard Model, supersymmetry, kana minda kubva mudzidziso dzakakosha.
Kusawirirana kweMatter-Anticmatter: Sei Tiripo?
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakavanzika ndechekuti sei muchadenga muchitongwa nezvinhu, pane musanganiswa wakaenzana wezvinhu nezvinhu. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, dai Big Bang yakagadzira zvinhu zvakaenzana nezvinhu nezvinhu, zvingadai zvakaparadzana, zvichisiya mwaranzi chete. Chokwadi chekuti nyeredzi, mapuraneti, nevanhu vachiripo zvinoreva kuti maitiro akagadzira zvinhu zvakawandisa (baryogenesis kana leptogenesis).
Physics yezvikamu inopa mamiriro anodiwa ekusawirirana uku, kunozivikanwa semamiriro eSakharov: kukanganiswa kwenhamba yebaryon, kukanganiswa kweC neCP symmetries, uye mamiriro ekupisa. Mamwe maitiro ekutyora CP aripo muStandard Model, asi anoita seasina kukwana kugadzira kusawirirana kwakaonekwa. Nokudaro, cosmology yekutanga inopa chiratidzo chakasimba chekuti fizikisi itsva iripo kunze kweStandard Model. Semuenzaniso, leptogenesis inokurudzira kuti kusawirirana muchikamu chelepton (chinobatanidzwa ne neutrinos) kunogona kushandurwa kuita baryon asymmetry kuburikidza nemamwe maitiro e electroweak.
Zvinhu Zvisina Kujeka: Kubva paZvidimbu Kuenda kuMaumbirwo eGalactic
Kucherechedzwa kwekutenderera kwegalaxy, magirazi egiravhiti, uye marongerwo emuchadenga zvinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvakawanda muchadenga "zvakasviba," hazviburitse kana kutora chiedza chakakosha. Zvinhu zvakasviba zvinoumba chikamu chimwe muzvina chesimba riri muchadenga, kupfuura zvinhu zvakajairika. Mubvunzo mukuru ndewekuti: chii chinonzi zvinhu zvakasviba?
Dzidziso dzakawanda dzinoti dark matter inoumbwa nezvikamu zvitsva. Vanhu vakakurumbira vanosanganisira Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), axions, sterile neutrinos, uye dark sector particles dzinoshanda zvisina kusimba nezvinhu zvakajairwa. Cosmology inobatsira kudzora hunhu hwevaya vanhu nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana: kubva pakupesvedzera kwavo pakuumbwa kwechimiro, kusvika kuCMB, kusvika kuhuwandu hwezvinhu zvechiedza zvakaumbwa panguva yeBig Bang nucleosynthesis. Kusiyana neizvi, kuedza kweparticle physics kunotsvaga dark matter kuburikidza nekuona zvakananga (kusangana neatomic nuclei), kuona zvisina kujeka (kuora kana zvigadzirwa zvekuparadza), uye kutsvaga ma accelerators akaita seLHC.
Hukama uhwu hunoratidza kubatana kwakasiyana: cosmology inopa "humbowo" hwekuvapo kwezvinhu zverima, nepo fizikisi yezvipenyu ichiedza kuziva zvikamu zvayo.
Simba Rinosviba uye Miganhu yeModheru dzeDzidziso
Pamusoro pezvinhu zviri mudenga, muchadenga mune simba rerima—chinhu chisinganzwisisike chinoita kuti muchadenga mukure nekukurumidza. Mukati mehurongwa hwehukama hwese, simba rerima rinowanzo fananidzirwa sechisingachinji chemuchadenga. Zvisinei, kukosha kwakaonekwa kwechisingachinji chemuchadenga kudiki zvikuru kana tichienzanisa nesimba revacuum rakafanotaurwa nedzidziso yequantum field, zvichikonzera dambudziko rakakurumbira rekusachinjika kwemuchadenga.
Nyaya iyi iri pakati pezvinhu zvakaita se particle physics ne cosmology: vacuum energy ipfungwa ye quantum, nepo mhedzisiro yayo ichionekwa mu cosmic dynamics. Mhinduro dzingangowanikwa dzinosanganisira kugadziriswa kwegravity, dynamical fields se quintessence, kana dzimwe pfungwa kubva mudzidziso huru. Kusvika pari zvino, dark energy ichiri dambudziko guru uye zvinogona kuratidza kuti kunzwisisa kwedu nzvimbo, nguva, uye quantum vacuum hakusati kwakwana.
Cosmic Neutrinos: Zvidimbu Zvidiki Zvine Simba Guru
MaNeutrino, akareruka zvikuru uye asingawanzo pindirana, anoita basa rakakosha mu cosmology. Anokanganisa mwero wekukura kwepasirese rekutanga uye anokanganisa kuumbwa kwechimiro kuburikidza nemhedzisiro yavo ye "free-streaming" - anofamba nekukurumidza uye anogadzirisa masumbu ezvinhu pazviyero zvakati. Nokudaro, kucherechedza kweCMB neongororo dzemagalaxy kunogona kupa zvirambidzo pahuwandu hwese hwema neutrino. Izvi zvinozadzisa kuyedza kwerabhoritari kunoyera huwandu hwema neutrino kuburikidza nekuora kwe beta kana neutrino oscillations.
Saka, ma neutrino anopa muenzaniso wakajeka wekuti zvidimbu zvakaoma kuona murabhoritari zvinosiya sei zviratidzo zvinogona kuongororwa pachikero chepasi rose.
Mhedziso: Mahwindo maviri, Chinhu chimwe chete
Physics yezvikamu necosmology zvinodzidza chokwadi chimwe chete kubva pamaonero maviri akasiyana. Physics yezvikamu inoratidza "mitemo yemutambo" yakakosha zvikuru, nepo cosmology ichiratidza kuti mitemo iyoyo inoumba sei nhoroondo yezvisikwa zvose. Patinobatanidza zviviri izvi, tinowana kunzwisisa kwakakwana: zvisikwa zvepakutanga sekuyedza kwesimba guru, rima sedambudziko idzva rezvikamu, inflation sechiitiko che quantum field, uye rima sedambudziko kune dzidziso dze vacuum ne gravity.
Mune ramangwana, kufambira mberi mu telescopes, gravitational wave detectors, ongororo dzemagalaxy makuru, uye kuyedza kwezvikamu zvinonzwisisika zvichasimbisa kubatana uku. Ruzivo rutsva rwega rwega kubva mudenga nerabhoritari rune mukana wekuvhura chitsauko chinotevera mumibvunzo mikuru: ndeapi mitemo yakakosha yechisikigo, zvakasikwa zvakabva kupi, uye chii chichaitika kwazviri pakupedzisira?
